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Joined genus-species names to Carril character 16. Semipalmate, palmate and totipalmate are web-footed; lobate is the flat-margined toe; both form the exception. Spearman correlation and a median split were computed on the remaining birds. Exception birds were scored by the median residual from the log-log line fitted only on the rule group, and by whether their median leg is shorter." } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [ { "@value": "Measured: 0.8727 Spearman rho of neck length against leg length in the rule group (n = 11, species means of the supplement; exception group is separate). Interpretation: The quote says long-legged birds have long necks and short-legged birds short necks, and that web-footed birds are the exception. The next sentences include birds whose toes are separate but have flat marginal lobes: their necks are elongated and their legs are short, for feeding in water and for swimming. Those lobed feet are therefore in the exception, with the web-footed birds. The rule is a positive association of the two lengths, not a claim that every long-legged species outranks every short-legged one. Neck length is the length of the cervical column in the supplement, and leg length is the sum of the three long bones when no total is given. Carril codes are used only as the foot class: semipalmate, palmate and totipalmate are webbed; lobate is lobed; other mapped codes are the rule group. Aristotle's account of why the lengths match, and of earthy residue filling the webs, is not measured." } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Claim test of aristotle-pa04-27: inconclusive, confidence 0.5" } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso": [ { "@id": "https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-pa04-27/result.json" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets": [ { "@value": "A public table of neck length and leg length measured on the same bird specimens, with scientific names, plus an independent public coding of foot webbing or lobes for those names. Author summaries without species rows do not count. The causal story that earthy matter is diverted into webs is not scored." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType": [ { "@value": "claim-test/0.1.0" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind": [ { "@value": "biological" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation": [ { "@value": "In the non-exception birds, neck length does not rise with leg length, or the web-footed and lobate birds do not combine short legs with necks above the line fitted to the others." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst": [ { "@value": "A join of a 2019 measurement sample to a 2024 foot-type matrix can leave species unmatched. Unmatched birds are dropped, not guessed." }, { "@value": "Carril et al. 2024 is a lineage sample. 12 of 103 Böhmer species share a binomial with it, so the pre-registered minimum can fail even when the length table itself is large. The docx also has a foraging column; it was not used as a substitute for the foot code." }, { "@value": "The figshare download URL stored here is the stable ndownloader link. An earlier draft kept the short-lived S3 redirect; the byte size and sha256 are unchanged." }, { "@value": "The figshare file name rsos181588_si_001.docx, size 706190 bytes and CC BY 4.0 licence were read from the figshare API. The docx itself was not downloaded before this registration. The Carril file roles and the character-16 code numbers are those already used for aristotle-pa04-29; this test does not reuse that test's counts." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation": [ { "@value": "Among birds that are neither web-footed nor lobate, neck length rises with leg length, and web-footed or lobate birds have short legs with necks longer than that leg length predicts." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion": [ { "@value": "Pre-registered. Refutes if the rule group has at least 15 species and the rule clause fails: rho is at most 0.20, or its p-value is at least 0.05, or the longer-legged half does not have the greater median neck. Confidence 0.70. Mixed if the rule clause passes and the exception clause is measured and fails. Confidence 0.60. Inconclusive, reason underpowered, if the rule group has fewer than 15 species, or the rule clause passes and the exception group has fewer than 4 species (confidence 0.50). Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if the docx has no species-level neck and leg lengths, the Carril foot code cannot be read, or no species joins (confidence 0.80). Inconclusive, reason other, if two neck-length columns or two leg-length columns tie under the priority below so that the script would have to choose after seeing the numbers (confidence 0.70). Column priority, fixed here: neck column whose header, lower-cased, contains 'neck' and 'length', preferring a header that also contains 'total' or 'cervical'; leg column whose header contains 'total' and 'leg', else a header containing 'leg' and 'length', else the sum of one femur column, one tibiotarsus column and one tarsometatarsus column. Species names join on genus plus species, underscores treated as spaces." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence": [ { "@value": "0.5", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-27--claim-test--dataset-1" }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-27--claim-test--dataset-2" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict": [ { "@value": "inconclusive" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis": [ { "@value": "If the claim holds, neck length increases with leg length among birds that are not web-footed and not lobed-toed, while web-footed birds and birds with flat marginal toe lobes have long necks for their short legs." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod": [ { "@value": "Spearman correlation and a median split of neck length by leg length inside the rule group, thresholds rho > 0.40 and p < 0.01. Exception species are scored by the sign of the median log-log residual from the rule-group line and by whether their median leg is shorter than the rule-group median. Both clauses are required for support." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion": [ { "@value": "Pre-registered. Lengths come from Böhmer, Plateau, Cornette and Abourachid 2019 supplementary docx (figshare file 14949482, doi 10.6084/m9.figshare.8025971.v1). Foot class comes from Carril et al. 2024 Supplementary Data 4 character 16 joined to Supplementary Data 1 by species name. Web-footed codes are semipalmate, palmate and totipalmate. Lobate is the flat-margined toe. The exception group is web-footed or lobate. Every other mapped code is the rule group. A species counts only if it has a positive neck length, a positive total leg length (a total-leg column, or the sum of femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus), and a mapped foot code. Rule clause, requiring at least 15 rule-group species: Spearman rho of neck length against total leg length is greater than 0.40 with a two-sided p-value below 0.01, and the median neck length of rule-group species above the rule-group median leg length is strictly greater than the median neck length of the rest of the rule group. Exception clause, requiring at least 4 exception species: the median residual of log10(neck) from an ordinary least-squares line of log10(neck) on log10(leg) fitted only on the rule group is greater than 0, and the median leg length of the exception group is strictly below the median leg length of the rule group. Support requires both clauses. 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