https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Tried the Dryad mode file (not downloaded: csv https://datadryad.org/downloads/file_stream/4253772: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden). Classified internal live bearers as placental only when the note still says placenta after removing 'aplacental' and 'without a placenta'. Joined to FishBase species.AirBreathing. One matched non-air-breathing placental species refutes the universal. Yolk-only live birth was not used as a counterexample. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 75 placentally viviparous species coded not air-breathing (n = 75). Interpretation: Internally viviparous follows Aristotle's contrast in this chapter: the embryo is kept inside and nourished by the mother, as in man, viviparous quadrupeds and cetaceans, as against cartilaginous fishes that 'first lay eggs within themselves' and are only afterwards externally viviparous. Placental viviparity, oophagy and uterine-milk (histotroph) live birth are maternal nourishment. Yolk-only live birth is the egg-inside case and is excluded from the test class. Breathing air means the FishBase air-breathing field is affirmative, including facultative air-breathing. Gill ventilation of water is not air-breathing. The parenthetical scope (man, viviparous quadrupeds, cetaceans) names the animals Aristotle counted as internally viviparous; the sentence under test is the universal 'nothing is internally viviparous unless it breathe air', so a water-breathing placental fish is inside the claim. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ga02-05: refutes, confidence 0.8 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ga02-05/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets An open species-level reproductive-mode table that separates placental viviparity, other matrotrophy, yolk-only live birth and egg-laying for chondrichthyans, joined to a FishBase snapshot field that records air-breathing. The FishBase reproduc text is a backup only if the Dryad mode file cannot be fetched, and only rows whose guild is internal live-bearing and whose text matches the pre-registered patterns. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation At least one placentally viviparous species is coded as not air-breathing. Yolk-only live-bearing fishes do not count as that counterexample. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Analysis: All 75 species whose notes still say placenta are coded 'only water-breathing (assumed)' (WaterAssumed), FishBase's default water-breathing category, rather than from a species-by-species respiration paper. The code is the database's statement that they are not air-breathers. It is not a new measurement of gill ventilation. Genera in the set: Carcharhinus, Chaenogaleus, Eusphyra, Glyphis, Hemigaleus, Hypogaleus, Iago, Isogomphodon, Lamiopsis, Leptocharias, Loxodon, Mustelus, Nasolamia, Negaprion, Paragaleus, Prionace, Rhizoprionodon, Scoliodon, Scylliogaleus, Sphyrna, Triaenodon. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Analysis: The Dryad file shark_modepruned_E.csv was not used. The download URL returns an interstitial bot check rather than the CSV. The pre-registered FishBase reproduc backup was used instead. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Analysis: The test class is the FishBase internal-live-bearer notes that still contain the word placenta after the negation filter. It does not re-survey mammals, and it does not add yolk-only live birth. A single non-air-breathing placental fish refutes the universal. Species whose notes never use the word placenta are outside this backup pattern. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Landing-page documentation for the Dryad deposit and the FishBase snapshot listing were viewed before this commit. The mode CSV and the parquet tables were not downloaded, and no species was classified. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Most FishBase species, including the placental elasmobranchs and teleosts in this count, are coded 'only water-breathing (assumed)' rather than from a species-by-species respiration paper. The code is the database's statement that they are not air-breathers. It is not a new measurement of gill ventilation. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The Dryad file shark_modepruned_E.csv was not used. The download URL returns an interstitial bot check rather than the CSV. The pre-registered FishBase reproduc backup was used instead. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The test class is FishBase's placental live-bearers, which are fishes. It does not re-survey mammals. A single non-air-breathing placental fish refutes the universal. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Every species coded as placentally viviparous in the reproductive-mode table is coded as air-breathing in FishBase. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered (claim refuted). At least one species coded Placental_viviparity matches a FishBase record that is not air-breathing. If the mode table contains no placental species, the same rule is applied to the wider matrotrophic set (Placental_viviparity, Live-bearing_with_oophagy, Live-bearing_with_uterine_milk) and a single non-air-breathing match refutes. Yolk-only viviparity does not refute and does not support: Aristotle already classed cartilaginous fishes that keep a yolky egg inside and then bear the young as externally viviparous. Verdict 'mixed' is not used unless the placental class is entirely air-breathing or unmatched while at least one oophagy or uterine-milk species is a matched non-air-breather, in which case the strict placental reading is unscored and the wider matrotrophic reading is refuted. Verdict 'inconclusive' with reason 'data-unavailable' if neither the Dryad mode file nor the FishBase reproduc backup can be read, or if no air-breathing field exists. Verdict 'inconclusive' with reason 'underpowered' if fewer than 15 species fall in the class being tested or fewer than half of them match a respiration record and the matched non-air-breathing count is zero. Confidence: 0.80 if at least five placental species are matched non-air-breathers; 0.65 if the refutation uses fewer than five placental species or only the wider matrotrophic set; 0.40 if the verdict is supports (the table covers chondrichthyans, so an absence of counterexamples is not a survey of all animals); 0.35 if inconclusive. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.8 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds, every animal that is internally viviparous in Aristotle's sense also breathes air, so a survey that separates maternal nourishment of the embryo from mere retention of a yolky egg will find no water-breathing species in the internally viviparous class. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Count species by mode. Match binomials to FishBase. A species is not air-breathing when the air-breathing field is no, false, 0, water or gill, and is air-breathing when it is yes, true, 1, obligate or facultative. One matched placental non-air-breather refutes the universal. Thresholds and the backup text patterns are fixed in pass_criterion, fail_criterion and the backup note in method_preregistered. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered (claim supported). Using the reproductive-mode table, at least 15 species are coded Placental_viviparity, at least 90 percent of those species match a FishBase respiration record, and every matched placental species is coded as air-breathing. Yolk-only live birth and egg-laying are not counted as internal viviparity. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-ga02-05 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description air-breathing code for each species, with the seven-row code list https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: FishBase species table snapshot v26.06, air-breathing field, via the rfishbase source.coop release https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://data.source.coop/cboettig/fishbase/fb/v26.06/parquet/airbreathingref.parquet https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://data.source.coop/cboettig/fishbase/fb/v26.06/parquet/species.parquet https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://www.fishbase.se/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:14c8af688933e28be5be0e9a480b0be1b2d4afc5fe0358817d0e9c042f214897 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:87c99bc57f368c6102ea4042e7e6c8019c7405d5a352ead840f06244609ab101 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description internal live bearers whose notes state a placenta, used because the Dryad mode file could not be downloaded https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: FishBase reproduc table snapshot v26.06 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://data.source.coop/cboettig/fishbase/fb/v26.06/parquet/reproduc.parquet https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://www.fishbase.org/manual/english/FishBaseThe_REPRODUCTION_Table.htm https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:b631704f0f4972acdb2edb5d3105f0a6172adb4c473d73e505113f8288418247 https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/provenance https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#SoftwareAgent https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label delphisci claim tester (grok-4.7; cursor/aristotle-biology-claim-tests-05bb) https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#actedOnBehalfOf https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/usesModel https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 http://purl.org/dc/terms/identifier grok-4.7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/LanguageModel https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ga02-05/result.json https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasGeneratedBy https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/test https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/plan http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#hadPlan https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/README.md https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Activity https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#qualifiedAssociation https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/plan https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAssociatedWith https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM http://purl.org/dc/terms/created 2026-11-08T16:24:31.733Z https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192 https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasNanopubType https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ga02-05: refutes, confidence 0.8 https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/domain https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/domain/aristotle-biology https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm RSA https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAyFHtPB6p0mCjDozxlOY9CmO3nBm7Te3jFbXyLmM+G1tGe47Da0jYIbhkl9Oo1ZjxmCa3LCwlEqK8gj6hEIcL4ahW30JXh9HycfKVk1bugkzMEV15tJdTzAU3sGMFnbNsn43xY2LFLy45tApkRm5byEiM7oRRrooIdwoQKnP4Wzq/bfAoJ9qvW+MGkelyOTd1jbSt+KfmT7xKmDfWzAHddUlWwMX2QJOLxDaffOteTop6ZRgPiNmPJKA/S62Gac9XtSYT3oDkZ6/nr5cxxNLpOyxTf5FPISiCe11xYO/unYjY+mwnOfA8yhJIyx1l0O9I0vpOpn+E5TvyHJV+oSTrvwIDAQAB https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature TFEWtCwY5wRfHrQNsuEDxkBHb3mE5Hr3mWNajafWR7369qv2EPRjKVC8dIEdxjZU9ukQ9SbrlGHjcB+2Mgc+aXWg0fzchyoXYFitItf3wVhe/DGrNvofs9S5IWaAUPjeuOx/Ia4guTqOKZFzmtEdorhrWt6MR590R80auIJ+wJo9KC28NIYIEEaWr7suxNxOka1Q+RJ9GVGddz6+JFHrP9rU/CQ9XcdBevOkjPJRP56Ar84AcZRcscu9IUSsIWAqV+rLsbWjRFbJ8zlDdCaE5sPLV/VDLWGUpwdZ1rseW0PqBEryY2FcCPy37EXEpMyPdOARN0xPPTLFnsROtt1yJg== https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM https://w3id.org/np/RAwrJzyNfqKL3P0E_AuBCIbgeqH6ZujhRatYpdQ5qtLZM/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192