https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description BIRDBASE v2025.1 was downloaded from figshare (6,683,628 bytes) and the Data sheet was read. Crooked-talon birds are rows whose Order is Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes or Cathartiformes. A row is scored when at least one of Social_1 through Social_6 is non-blank. It is gregarious when Social_1 or Social_2 is 1, the legend's colonial and flock codes. Pairs, solitary and lekking alone are not gregarious. The numerator is gregarious scored species; the denominator is scored crooked-talon species. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 42 gregarious crooked-talon species (n = 165). Interpretation: Aristotle's crooked-talon birds are the birds of prey he elsewhere calls crooked-clawed (eagles, hawks, falcons, vultures, owls). Mapping them to the four modern orders is an operationalization of that class, stated before the social-system counts are read. A diet guild is not that class. Gregarious is contrasted in the same lines with solitary, and the examples are flocking birds, so a breeding pair is not a flock. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ha01-04: refutes, confidence 0.78 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha01-04/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A public species-level table from AVONET or another listed source (AnAge, FishBase, PanTHERIA, GBIF, NCBI, WoRMS, PBDB) or a checksummed paper supplement, with avian order or an explicit crooked-talon flag, and a social-system, coloniality or typical group-size field. Licence stated. A foraging niche is not admissible as either variable. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation One or more of those species is flocking, colonial, or has a typical group size of at least 3. A missing social-system column does not disconfirm the universal. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst 42 of 165 scored crooked-talon species are coded colonial (Social_1) or flocking (Social_2). The universal fails. Examples include Cathartes aura, Gyps africanus, Gyps bengalensis, Aegypius monachus, Pandion haliaetus and Elanoides forficatus. The full list is in derived/crooked-talon-social.csv. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst 424 of 589 raptor rows have no social code, so they are outside the denominator. Missing codes do not cancel a scored flocking species. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Orders are the operational class for crooked talons. The table has no talon-curvature measurement. Codes are compiled from handbooks, not one field protocol. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Social_2's legend is 'large numbers of birds, mixed species flocks, seasonal flocks'. That is the passage's gregarious (pigeon, crane, swan), not a breeding pair. Lekking alone was not counted. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Zero of the crooked-talon species with a non-missing flocking or group-size score are gregarious, out of a denominator of at least 40 such species. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. The universal is refuted if that count is at least 1 and the denominator is at least 40. If the denominator is under 40, inconclusive (underpowered). If there is no flocking, coloniality or group-size column, or crooked-talon species cannot be identified from order or from an explicit talon flag, inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. Trophic niche, diet, primary lifestyle, hand-wing index and body mass are nearby columns and are not used as flocking or as talon shape. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.78 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If no bird with crooked talons is gregarious, then in a species table every crooked-talon species with a flocking score will be solitary or in pairs, and none will be flocking or colonial. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Denominator is the number of crooked-talon species with a non-missing gregariousness score. The numerator is how many of them meet the pre-registered gregarious rule. Support only if the numerator is 0 and the denominator is at least 40. Any positive numerator at that denominator refutes the universal. Below 40 is underpowered. No such column is data-unavailable. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. Quote: 'no bird furnished with crooked talons is gregarious.' In the same passage the gregarious birds named are the pigeon, the crane and the swan, so gregarious means living in a flock, not merely a mated pair. Crooked-talon birds are the raptors: orders Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes and Cathartiformes in the table's taxonomy. If the table has a talon or claw curvature measurement and no orders, curvature is not invented; the clause is then data-unavailable unless the table itself flags crooked talons. Gregarious is a column of social system, flocking, coloniality, or typical group size. Group size >= 3, or a value gregarious, flocking, colonial, or 'sometimes flocks', counts as gregarious. Solitary, pair and territorial pair do not. 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