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Crooked-talon birds are rows whose Order is Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes or Cathartiformes. A row is scored when at least one of Social_1 through Social_6 is non-blank. It is gregarious when Social_1 or Social_2 is 1, the legend's colonial and flock codes. Pairs, solitary and lekking alone are not gregarious. The numerator is gregarious scored species; the denominator is scored crooked-talon species." } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [ { "@value": "Measured: 42 gregarious crooked-talon species (n = 165). Interpretation: Aristotle's crooked-talon birds are the birds of prey he elsewhere calls crooked-clawed (eagles, hawks, falcons, vultures, owls). Mapping them to the four modern orders is an operationalization of that class, stated before the social-system counts are read. A diet guild is not that class. Gregarious is contrasted in the same lines with solitary, and the examples are flocking birds, so a breeding pair is not a flock." } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Claim test of aristotle-ha01-04: refutes, confidence 0.78" } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso": [ { "@id": "https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha01-04/result.json" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets": [ { "@value": "A public species-level table from AVONET or another listed source (AnAge, FishBase, PanTHERIA, GBIF, NCBI, WoRMS, PBDB) or a checksummed paper supplement, with avian order or an explicit crooked-talon flag, and a social-system, coloniality or typical group-size field. Licence stated. A foraging niche is not admissible as either variable." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType": [ { "@value": "claim-test/0.1.0" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind": [ { "@value": "biological" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation": [ { "@value": "One or more of those species is flocking, colonial, or has a typical group size of at least 3. A missing social-system column does not disconfirm the universal." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst": [ { "@value": "42 of 165 scored crooked-talon species are coded colonial (Social_1) or flocking (Social_2). The universal fails. Examples include Cathartes aura, Gyps africanus, Gyps bengalensis, Aegypius monachus, Pandion haliaetus and Elanoides forficatus. The full list is in derived/crooked-talon-social.csv." }, { "@value": "424 of 589 raptor rows have no social code, so they are outside the denominator. Missing codes do not cancel a scored flocking species." }, { "@value": "Orders are the operational class for crooked talons. The table has no talon-curvature measurement. Codes are compiled from handbooks, not one field protocol." }, { "@value": "Social_2's legend is 'large numbers of birds, mixed species flocks, seasonal flocks'. That is the passage's gregarious (pigeon, crane, swan), not a breeding pair. Lekking alone was not counted." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation": [ { "@value": "Zero of the crooked-talon species with a non-missing flocking or group-size score are gregarious, out of a denominator of at least 40 such species." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion": [ { "@value": "Pre-registered. The universal is refuted if that count is at least 1 and the denominator is at least 40. If the denominator is under 40, inconclusive (underpowered). If there is no flocking, coloniality or group-size column, or crooked-talon species cannot be identified from order or from an explicit talon flag, inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. Trophic niche, diet, primary lifestyle, hand-wing index and body mass are nearby columns and are not used as flocking or as talon shape." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence": [ { "@value": "0.78", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test--dataset-1" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict": [ { "@value": "refutes" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis": [ { "@value": "If no bird with crooked talons is gregarious, then in a species table every crooked-talon species with a flocking score will be solitary or in pairs, and none will be flocking or colonial." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod": [ { "@value": "Denominator is the number of crooked-talon species with a non-missing gregariousness score. The numerator is how many of them meet the pre-registered gregarious rule. Support only if the numerator is 0 and the denominator is at least 40. Any positive numerator at that denominator refutes the universal. Below 40 is underpowered. No such column is data-unavailable." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion": [ { "@value": "Pre-registered. Quote: 'no bird furnished with crooked talons is gregarious.' In the same passage the gregarious birds named are the pigeon, the crane and the swan, so gregarious means living in a flock, not merely a mated pair. Crooked-talon birds are the raptors: orders Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes and Cathartiformes in the table's taxonomy. If the table has a talon or claw curvature measurement and no orders, curvature is not invented; the clause is then data-unavailable unless the table itself flags crooked talons. Gregarious is a column of social system, flocking, coloniality, or typical group size. Group size >= 3, or a value gregarious, flocking, colonial, or 'sometimes flocks', counts as gregarious. Solitary, pair and territorial pair do not. The claim passes only if the count of gregarious crooked-talon species is 0 and the denominator (crooked-talon species with a non-missing score) is at least 40." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered": [ { "@value": "false", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test--dataset-1", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@value": "Species-level social codes and order, used as flocking and crooked-talon class" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": [ { "@value": "CC BY" } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Dataset: BIRDBASE v2025.1, a global avian trait table (Sekercioglu et al.)" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation": [ { "@id": "https://api.figshare.com/v2/articles/27051040" }, { "@id": "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/55634729" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": [ { "@id": "https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27051040" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum": [ { "@value": "sha256:cccb01fe229c7b39156639e001098b29880fa1c91d294c17cb74a4a76381276b" }, { "@value": "sha256:f3c0099343eb85f7a83d1aaa247ec88933e27b58426bab4fbb051616173a6a2c" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-ha01-04", "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test" } ] } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI/Head", "@graph": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI", "http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI/assertion" } ], "http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI/provenance" } ], "http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RAwoEPYLsFZch0m3JvMKCqfmLikt6tl4aeRKCBR_lMZgI/pubinfo" } ], "@type": [ "http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication" ] } ] } ]