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Crooked-talon birds are rows whose Order is Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes or Cathartiformes. A row is scored when at least one of Social_1 through Social_6 is non-blank. It is gregarious when Social_1 or Social_2 is 1, the legend\'s colonial and flock codes. Pairs, solitary and lekking alone are not gregarious. The numerator is gregarious scored species; the denominator is scored crooked-talon species." } g_iri { prefix_id: 2 name_id: 4 } } } rows { prefix { value: "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/" } } rows { name { value: "Assessment" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 4 name_id: 10 } o_iri { prefix_id: 10 name_id: 14 } } } rows { prefix { value: "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" } } rows { name { value: "comment" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 11 } o_literal { lex: "Measured: 42 gregarious crooked-talon species (n = 165). Interpretation: Aristotle\'s crooked-talon birds are the birds of prey he elsewhere calls crooked-clawed (eagles, hawks, falcons, vultures, owls). Mapping them to the four modern orders is an operationalization of that class, stated before the social-system counts are read. A diet guild is not that class. Gregarious is contrasted in the same lines with solitary, and the examples are flocking birds, so a breeding pair is not a flock." } } } rows { name { value: "label" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "Claim test of aristotle-ha01-04: refutes, confidence 0.78" } } } rows { name { value: "seeAlso" } } rows { prefix { value: "https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha01-04/" } } rows { name { value: "result.json" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_iri { prefix_id: 12 } } } rows { name { value: "wasAttributedTo" } } rows { prefix { value: "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/" } } rows { name { value: "delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 5 } o_iri { prefix_id: 13 } } } rows { name { value: "admissibleDatasets" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 10 } o_literal { lex: "A public species-level table from AVONET or another listed source (AnAge, FishBase, PanTHERIA, GBIF, NCBI, WoRMS, PBDB) or a checksummed paper supplement, with avian order or an explicit crooked-talon flag, and a social-system, coloniality or typical group-size field. Licence stated. A foraging niche is not admissible as either variable." } } } rows { name { value: "assessmentType" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "claim-test/0.1.0" } } } rows { name { value: "dataKind" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "biological" } } } rows { name { value: "disconfirmingObservation" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "One or more of those species is flocking, colonial, or has a typical group size of at least 3. A missing social-system column does not disconfirm the universal." } } } rows { name { value: "evidenceAgainst" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "42 of 165 scored crooked-talon species are coded colonial (Social_1) or flocking (Social_2). The universal fails. Examples include Cathartes aura, Gyps africanus, Gyps bengalensis, Aegypius monachus, Pandion haliaetus and Elanoides forficatus. The full list is in derived/crooked-talon-social.csv." } } } rows { quad { o_literal { lex: "424 of 589 raptor rows have no social code, so they are outside the denominator. Missing codes do not cancel a scored flocking species." } } } rows { quad { o_literal { lex: "Orders are the operational class for crooked talons. The table has no talon-curvature measurement. Codes are compiled from handbooks, not one field protocol." } } } rows { quad { o_literal { lex: "Social_2\'s legend is \'large numbers of birds, mixed species flocks, seasonal flocks\'. That is the passage\'s gregarious (pigeon, crane, swan), not a breeding pair. Lekking alone was not counted." } } } rows { name { value: "expectedObservation" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "Zero of the crooked-talon species with a non-missing flocking or group-size score are gregarious, out of a denominator of at least 40 such species." } } } rows { name { value: "failCriterion" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "Pre-registered. The universal is refuted if that count is at least 1 and the denominator is at least 40. If the denominator is under 40, inconclusive (underpowered). If there is no flocking, coloniality or group-size column, or crooked-talon species cannot be identified from order or from an explicit talon flag, inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. Trophic niche, diet, primary lifestyle, hand-wing index and body mass are nearby columns and are not used as flocking or as talon shape." } } } rows { name { value: "hasConfidence" } } rows { datatype { value: "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "0.78" datatype: 1 } } } rows { name { value: "hasEvidence" } } rows { prefix { value: "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/" } } rows { name { value: "aristotle-ha01-04--claim-test--dataset-1" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_iri { prefix_id: 14 } } } rows { name { value: "hasVerdict" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 10 } o_literal { lex: "refutes" } } } rows { name { value: "hypothesis" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "If no bird with crooked talons is gregarious, then in a species table every crooked-talon species with a flocking score will be solitary or in pairs, and none will be flocking or colonial." } } } rows { name { value: "inferenceMethod" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "Denominator is the number of crooked-talon species with a non-missing gregariousness score. The numerator is how many of them meet the pre-registered gregarious rule. Support only if the numerator is 0 and the denominator is at least 40. Any positive numerator at that denominator refutes the universal. Below 40 is underpowered. No such column is data-unavailable." } } } rows { name { value: "passCriterion" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "Pre-registered. Quote: \'no bird furnished with crooked talons is gregarious.\' In the same passage the gregarious birds named are the pigeon, the crane and the swan, so gregarious means living in a flock, not merely a mated pair. Crooked-talon birds are the raptors: orders Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes and Cathartiformes in the table\'s taxonomy. If the table has a talon or claw curvature measurement and no orders, curvature is not invented; the clause is then data-unavailable unless the table itself flags crooked talons. Gregarious is a column of social system, flocking, coloniality, or typical group size. Group size >= 3, or a value gregarious, flocking, colonial, or \'sometimes flocks\', counts as gregarious. Solitary, pair and territorial pair do not. The claim passes only if the count of gregarious crooked-talon species is 0 and the denominator (crooked-talon species with a non-missing score) is at least 40." } } } rows { name { value: "preregistered" } } rows { datatype { value: "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "false" datatype: 2 } } } rows { prefix { value: "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/" } } rows { name { value: "aristotle-ha01-04" } } rows { name { value: "hasAssessment" } } rows { quad { s_iri { prefix_id: 15 } p_iri { prefix_id: 10 } o_iri { prefix_id: 9 name_id: 12 } } } rows { quad { s_iri { prefix_id: 14 name_id: 30 } p_iri { prefix_id: 7 name_id: 13 } o_literal { lex: "Species-level social codes and order, used as flocking and crooked-talon class" } } } rows { name { value: "license" } } rows { quad { p_iri { name_id: 38 } o_literal { lex: "CC BY" } } } rows { name { value: "EvidenceItem" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 4 name_id: 10 } o_iri { prefix_id: 10 name_id: 39 } } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 11 name_id: 16 } o_literal { lex: "Dataset: BIRDBASE v2025.1, a global avian trait table (Sekercioglu et al.)" } } } rows { name { value: "atLocation" } } rows { prefix { value: "https://api.figshare.com/v2/articles/" } } rows { name { value: "27051040" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 5 name_id: 40 } o_iri { prefix_id: 16 } } } rows { prefix { id: 6 value: "https://ndownloader.figshare.com/files/" } } rows { name { value: "55634729" } } rows { quad { o_iri { prefix_id: 6 } } } rows { name { value: "wasDerivedFrom" } } rows { prefix { id: 8 value: "https://doi.org/10.6084/" } } rows { name { value: "m9.figshare.27051040" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 5 } o_iri { prefix_id: 8 } } } rows { name { value: "hasChecksum" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 10 } o_literal { lex: "sha256:cccb01fe229c7b39156639e001098b29880fa1c91d294c17cb74a4a76381276b" } } } rows { quad { o_literal { lex: "sha256:f3c0099343eb85f7a83d1aaa247ec88933e27b58426bab4fbb051616173a6a2c" } } } rows { name { value: "SoftwareAgent" } } rows { quad { s_iri { prefix_id: 13 name_id: 20 } p_iri { prefix_id: 4 name_id: 10 } o_iri { prefix_id: 5 name_id: 46 } g_iri { prefix_id: 2 name_id: 7 } } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 11 name_id: 16 } o_literal { lex: "delphisci claim tester (grok-4.7; 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