https://w3id.org/np/RAvn5gMzVIkqXpWI-uzBaK001ZEwDFHNnCYYlGeZkZOSI/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAvn5gMzVIkqXpWI-uzBaK001ZEwDFHNnCYYlGeZkZOSI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAvn5gMzVIkqXpWI-uzBaK001ZEwDFHNnCYYlGeZkZOSI/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAvn5gMzVIkqXpWI-uzBaK001ZEwDFHNnCYYlGeZkZOSI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAvn5gMzVIkqXpWI-uzBaK001ZEwDFHNnCYYlGeZkZOSI/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAvn5gMzVIkqXpWI-uzBaK001ZEwDFHNnCYYlGeZkZOSI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAvn5gMzVIkqXpWI-uzBaK001ZEwDFHNnCYYlGeZkZOSI/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAvn5gMzVIkqXpWI-uzBaK001ZEwDFHNnCYYlGeZkZOSI http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAvn5gMzVIkqXpWI-uzBaK001ZEwDFHNnCYYlGeZkZOSI/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Fetched the six pre-registered Animal Diversity Web accounts and the Europe PMC title-and-abstract searches for the five species. Coded a coat only from the Physical Description passage and oviparity only from the Reproduction passage, using the pre-registered patterns. A Europe PMC record counts only when its own title or abstract matches the same pattern. The Monotremata account can supply the coding for the clade; the literature hits still have to be for a named species. Supports was not available from this sample. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 2 living monotreme species coded as coated and oviparous on Animal Diversity Web or the Monotremata account, and corroborated by Europe PMC for both traits (n = 5, keyword coding of two public texts per species, not a specimen count). Interpretation: Hair-coated follows the claim, which counts hedgehog and porcupine spines as hair, so echidna spines and quills count as a coat. Viviparous means bearing live young, as opposed to laying an egg. The claim is a universal. The living monotremes are the sample because they are the mammals for which egg-laying is the trait that would make the universal false; finding one coated egg-layer refutes it, and failing to find one here does not show that every coated animal bears live young. The test does not reclassify whales or other sparsely haired mammals, and it does not treat 'mammal' as a synonym that already includes the conclusion. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ha01-12: refutes, confidence 0.85 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha01-12/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets Public species accounts or abstracts that state integument and reproductive mode in their own words, independent of Aristotle, for the frozen taxa only: Ornithorhynchus anatinus, Tachyglossus aculeatus, Zaglossus bartoni, Zaglossus attenboroughi, Zaglossus bruijnii, and the order account Monotremata. Account URLs are https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/<Name>/ with spaces as underscores. Europe PMC queries are TITLE_ABS searches on https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search (format=json, resultType=lite, pageSize=25). Header checks on 2026-11-02 UTC, bodies not downloaded: Ornithorhynchus_anatinus, Tachyglossus_aculeatus, Zaglossus_bartoni, Zaglossus_attenboroughi and Monotremata returned HTTP 200; Zaglossus_bruijnii returned HTTP 405 to HEAD and is still in the list for a GET. No further taxa may be added after the text is read. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation At least one living monotreme is described as having a coat of hair, fur, spines or quills and as laying eggs, in its Animal Diversity Web account and in Europe PMC titles or abstracts. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A universal claim is not confirmed by a handful of species. The pass condition names the survey that would be required, and this run is not that survey. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Account and abstract bodies were not downloaded before this file was committed. Only HTTP status codes from header requests were recorded. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Europe PMC searches were narrowed with the trait words so that a matching abstract could appear inside the pre-registered page of 25. The match is still required in the returned title or abstract, not merely in the hit count. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Keyword coding can miss a paraphrase or trip on a negation the pattern does not list. Those misses make the test fail to refute; they are not treated as support. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst One platypus coat hit is the phrase about hair loss. The same search also returns a title that says 'hairs of the platypus' (recorded among the corroborating hits), and the echidna coat hits include spines and quills. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The Animal Diversity Web passages are narrative accounts compiled by the site's contributors, not measurements taken for this test. The literature hits are the second source. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The Monotremata order page and the Zaglossus bruijnii account did not contain both coded passages, so they did not enter the verdict. The refutation is the platypus and the short-beaked echidna. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation No hair-coated animal lays eggs. On the accounts examined here, that would mean no monotreme account describes both a coat and egg-laying. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. Refutes if at least one species in the frozen list is coded, on its Animal Diversity Web account, as both coated and oviparous, and Europe PMC returns at least one title or abstract for that same binomial that codes oviparity and at least one that codes a coat. The order account for Monotremata can supply the coat and oviparity coding for the clade, but the refutation still needs those two Europe PMC hits for at least one species on the list. Inconclusive, reason underpowered, if no account codes a coated oviparous animal: absence of a counterexample in this sample does not confirm the universal. Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if every Animal Diversity Web account fails to load. Inconclusive, reason other, if an account codes a counterexample but Europe PMC does not corroborate both traits for any such species. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.85 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis Every animal with a coat of hair, counting spines and quills as hair, bears live young. In particular the living monotremes, if they have a coat, are viviparous. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod From each account, take the passage under the heading Physical Description and the passage under the heading Reproduction, each running until the next heading. A coat is coded if that physical-description passage matches fur, hair, hairs, pelage, spine, spines, quill or quills, and does not match hairless, no fur, no hair, without fur, without hair, lacks hair, lack hair, no spines, without spines or lacks spines. Oviparity is coded if the reproduction passage matches oviparous, egg-laying or egg laying, or contains egg or eggs within 80 characters of lay, lays, laid or laying, and does not match does not lay, do not lay or never lays. A Europe PMC hit counts only when the returned title or abstract itself matches the same pattern; a hit with an empty abstract and a non-matching title does not count. Refutes only when both the account coding and the two literature hits (oviparity and coat, same species, possibly different papers) are present. Otherwise inconclusive, with the reason in fail_criterion. Supports is not a reachable verdict of this sample. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered, before any account or abstract was downloaded. The universal would be supported only by a dataset that codes both a coat (hair, fur, pelage, spines or quills) and reproductive mode for hair-coated animals across the living mammal orders, including Monotremata, and that codes zero of those animals as oviparous. This test's sample is the living monotremes only, so a support verdict is not available from it. Reaching the pass condition would require a later test with that broader coding; this run must not report supports. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-ha01-12 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description physical-description and reproduction passages for the frozen monotreme taxa https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology; terms on the site disclaimer linked from each account https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Animal Diversity Web species and order accounts https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Monotremata/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ornithorhynchus_anatinus/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tachyglossus_aculeatus/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Zaglossus_attenboroughi/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Zaglossus_bartoni/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Zaglossus_bruijnii/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://animaldiversity.org/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:67798b24dde87f95ee879fa029c511ec5f9c4a1f39a622f644757015491f06e2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:7e24449a217bec5a8d94836558b881ec63325fbdc7e0134ecd37ee98f6a07968 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:b1c9dc5ec91c7256be9f0a4850fb0fc9bd9390f179ff8db02e65edb86c0b1d23 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:d446f5e9e4ff097be82ba23041790f575ff1392c3c6d7f20bf26dcb61ec9ec24 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:eecf1727a425f75ee469030611188ca29a3842e780f1778377e51cf0d1888055 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:f39ac34cca007aec1f9bcde9ef77ad2be3461e0b88683726fd9c8f15f3447f0a https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description corroborating titles and abstracts for coat and egg-laying https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license Public Europe PMC REST API; each abstract remains under its source article's terms https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Europe PMC REST search, title and abstract https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22Ornithorhynchus+anatinus%22+AND+%28fur+OR+hair+OR+pelage+OR+spines+OR+quills%29&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=25 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22Ornithorhynchus+anatinus%22+AND+%28oviparous+OR+%22egg-laying%22+OR+%22lays+eggs%22+OR+%22lays+an+egg%22+OR+%22egg+is+laid%22%29&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=25 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22Tachyglossus+aculeatus%22+AND+%28fur+OR+hair+OR+pelage+OR+spines+OR+quills%29&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=25 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22Tachyglossus+aculeatus%22+AND+%28oviparous+OR+%22egg-laying%22+OR+%22lays+eggs%22+OR+%22lays+an+egg%22+OR+%22egg+is+laid%22%29&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=25 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22Zaglossus+attenboroughi%22+AND+%28fur+OR+hair+OR+pelage+OR+spines+OR+quills%29&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=25 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22Zaglossus+attenboroughi%22+AND+%28oviparous+OR+%22egg-laying%22+OR+%22lays+eggs%22+OR+%22lays+an+egg%22+OR+%22egg+is+laid%22%29&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=25 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-12--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=TITLE_ABS%3A%22Zaglossus+bartoni%22+AND+%28fur+OR+hair+OR+pelage+OR+spines+OR+quills%29&format=json&resultType=core&pageSize=25 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