https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Jena 2002 plot biomass (the sown-community dry-weight column) was joined to the plot-information table linked from that PANGAEA record, which holds the sown species number. The highest sown richness is 60 and has 4 plots, below the pre-registered minimum of 8, so Jena does not qualify. Cedar Creek E120 was read from the LTER member node because the PASTA public read returned HTTP 403. Live biomass, excluding rows labelled litter, was summed to plot-year. NumSp 0 was dropped. For each of 26 years with at least 8 monocultures and 8 plots at 16 sown species, the monoculture ratio and the Spearman correlation were computed, and the medians were the dataset statistics. A year-level p-value had to be below 0.01 in every qualifying year. Functional-group correlations were computed and were not used for the verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 2.781371 median across 26 Cedar Creek years of mean biomass at 16 sown species divided by mean monoculture biomass (n = 4162, yearly ratios from 1.683597 to 3.954947; median Spearman rho 0.662979; largest yearly two-sided p 4.37e-6). Interpretation: Darwin's amount of life is read as harvested aboveground plant biomass, and diversification of structure is read as the number of species the experimenters sowed. That is a species-count proxy, not a measurement of structural or functional-trait diversity. The experiments are grasslands at Jena and Cedar Creek, not a sample of every local community, and they contain no animals. A higher biomass in richer plots is the pattern the claim predicts for these plant plots. It does not show that the greatest possible amount of life, across all habitats, is caused by structural divergence. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of darwin1859-ch04-20: mixed, confidence 0.64 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/darwin-origin/darwin1859-ch04-20/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A plant biodiversity experiment that assigns sown species number and measures aboveground community biomass on the same plots, public and reusable. Observational surveys without an assigned richness do not qualify. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation In either experiment, monocultures have higher mean aboveground biomass than the highest sown richness. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Functional-group count, which was not a verdict statistic, has Spearman rho 0.362801 with biomass at Jena (82 plots) and 0.44725 across Cedar Creek plot-years. The Cedar Creek figure pools years and the plot-years are not independent. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Jena does not qualify. Its highest sown richness is 60 species and that level has 4 plots, under the pre-registered minimum of 8. Sixteen monocultures are present. The Jena richness comparison was not used for the verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Miscellaneous litter was excluded from Cedar Creek totals. The PASTA public API returned HTTP 403; the table was read from the LTER DataONE member node. That node's licence statement was not retrieved, so the Cedar Creek licence is null here. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Plant plots only, in two grassland experiments. Animals and natural communities were not tested. Sown species number is a proxy for diversification of structure, not a trait or body-plan measurement. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Support required both experiments. Cedar Creek passes: median biomass ratio 2.781371, median Spearman rho 0.662979, and every one of 26 years has two-sided p below 0.01. The smallest yearly ratio is 1.683597, still above 1.50. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The PANGAEA page states Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation In both plant experiments, mean aboveground biomass at the highest sown richness is at least 1.5 times the monoculture mean, and biomass rises with sown richness. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. REFUTES if either qualifying dataset has ratio below 1.0, computed on a year or a pooled single year with at least 8 monoculture plots and at least 8 plots at the highest richness. If only one dataset can be fetched, a ratio below 1.0 still refutes; a pass or an intermediate result on the single dataset is MIXED, because support requires both experiments. If both fetches fail, the verdict is inconclusive (data-unavailable). Any other outcome in which at least one dataset qualifies is MIXED. Animals are untested. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.64 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict mixed https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis In a plant biodiversity experiment, plots sown with more species produce more aboveground biomass, and the highest sown richness produces at least half again as much biomass as monocultures. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Within each experiment, divide mean biomass at the highest sown richness by mean biomass of sown monocultures, and compute the Spearman correlation of sown richness and biomass. Years are summarized by the median when a file has several years. Support requires ratio >= 1.50 and a positive Spearman p < 0.01 in both experiments. Ratio < 1 in either experiment refutes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered, before opening either biomass table. Scope is plant plots only. Amount of life is aboveground community plant biomass per plot. Diversification of structure is the experimentally assigned number of sown species, not a trait index; if a file has no assigned sown-richness column the dataset does not qualify. Functional-group counts are reported when a column exists and do not decide the verdict. Datasets: Jena Experiment main experiment, year 2002, PANGAEA 10.1594/PANGAEA.846320; Cedar Creek Biodiversity II (E120) plant aboveground biomass, EDI package knb-lter-cdr.273.12, DataCite DOI 10.6073/pasta/87b179ac496a0343e6860b19f33158fc. If a table is species-level, biomass is summed to plot (and year, if a year column exists) before the test. All plots are used. For a dataset with one year, ratio = mean biomass at the highest sown richness divided by mean biomass at sown richness 1, and rho is the Spearman correlation of sown richness and biomass. For a dataset with several years, the ratio and the Spearman rho are computed inside each year that has at least 8 plots at richness 1 and at least 8 plots at that year's highest richness, and the dataset's ratio and rho are the medians of those yearly values. A dataset passes if its ratio is at least 1.50 and its Spearman rho is positive with two-sided p below 0.01. SUPPORTS only if both datasets qualify and both pass. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/darwin1859-ch04-20 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description plot-level sown-community biomass joined to the experiment's sown species number https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license CC BY 3.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Aboveground community and species-specific plant biomass from the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment, year 2002) https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.846320?format=textfile https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://store.pangaea.de/Publications/Jena_Experiment/PlotInformationMainExperiment.txt https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.846320 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:2ff73d6424d4ad021df589bc2f6f0b002443c31d1cf0bbebe037f1ee13cc6146 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:7b7f1af497959a77a5ddefea5148b8d784b5d1b50a19f2925f9353426a83da70 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description species-sorted aboveground biomass and sown species number, 1996-2021 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Plant aboveground biomass data: Biodiversity II (E120), Cedar Creek LTER https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://gmn.lternet.edu/mn/v2/object/https:%2F%2Fpasta.lternet.edu%2Fpackage%2Fdata%2Feml%2Fknb-lter-cdr%2F273%2F12%2F27ddb5d8aebe24db99caa3933e9bc8e2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/87b179ac496a0343e6860b19f33158fc https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:53dd195e4b037714e7f26a033b63365e1f3a141c724e728cfbb769a60f6683e6 https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/provenance https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#SoftwareAgent https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label delphisci claim tester (grok-4.7; cursor/darwin-varieties-life-tests-93ad) https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#actedOnBehalfOf https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/usesModel https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 http://purl.org/dc/terms/identifier grok-4.7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/LanguageModel https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/darwin-origin/darwin1859-ch04-20/result.json https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasGeneratedBy https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/test https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/plan http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#hadPlan https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/README.md https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Activity https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#qualifiedAssociation https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/plan https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAssociatedWith https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE http://purl.org/dc/terms/created 2026-11-08T16:24:31.809Z https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192 https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasNanopubType https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch04-20--claim-test https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of darwin1859-ch04-20: mixed, confidence 0.64 https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/domain https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/domain/darwin-origin-1859 https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm RSA https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAyFHtPB6p0mCjDozxlOY9CmO3nBm7Te3jFbXyLmM+G1tGe47Da0jYIbhkl9Oo1ZjxmCa3LCwlEqK8gj6hEIcL4ahW30JXh9HycfKVk1bugkzMEV15tJdTzAU3sGMFnbNsn43xY2LFLy45tApkRm5byEiM7oRRrooIdwoQKnP4Wzq/bfAoJ9qvW+MGkelyOTd1jbSt+KfmT7xKmDfWzAHddUlWwMX2QJOLxDaffOteTop6ZRgPiNmPJKA/S62Gac9XtSYT3oDkZ6/nr5cxxNLpOyxTf5FPISiCe11xYO/unYjY+mwnOfA8yhJIyx1l0O9I0vpOpn+E5TvyHJV+oSTrvwIDAQAB https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature PqeoJYQ65ukrAWJLuUN8s7BcQrkr/v5ZQfHRD+yZ//uKamD5HtF1woePH/72Gi2qFyf8ZT91O3X3K0ulb+HktFbth6Oe2+QciWZAAAOkF+tS11B17zTIPKGwvBHLIi38ex4K48mwj24eCRzoxZFKNgCqNfitYBnMoGHWz++rn2Eg+sq5k0dztXqGOPrGVYk7aDjAQfZmiPsBfcOo/IakYACxn5q5KUZZ10OVveUr8telnAtmpDDKS1PcXA0pSUwsmfb3V5B/hqxbU4zTTRBQWJjkbfDPWXY2jobxBm+Oqx9lLil7VOOXgUvq+lB0pTm/Rr9YGUVoXo966tuR/Vt/fg== https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE https://w3id.org/np/RAvVR9Re79H23sELPwIDo0mENN_iqMEl-0FGIin_bQTLE/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192