https://w3id.org/np/RAu9ZaM1JEl6LXa6DQm-lRZMc28FHDx-jf_RYTb72MH5k/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAu9ZaM1JEl6LXa6DQm-lRZMc28FHDx-jf_RYTb72MH5k http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAu9ZaM1JEl6LXa6DQm-lRZMc28FHDx-jf_RYTb72MH5k/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAu9ZaM1JEl6LXa6DQm-lRZMc28FHDx-jf_RYTb72MH5k http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAu9ZaM1JEl6LXa6DQm-lRZMc28FHDx-jf_RYTb72MH5k/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAu9ZaM1JEl6LXa6DQm-lRZMc28FHDx-jf_RYTb72MH5k http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAu9ZaM1JEl6LXa6DQm-lRZMc28FHDx-jf_RYTb72MH5k/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAu9ZaM1JEl6LXa6DQm-lRZMc28FHDx-jf_RYTb72MH5k http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAu9ZaM1JEl6LXa6DQm-lRZMc28FHDx-jf_RYTb72MH5k/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Species were matched with strict=true on the GBIF species API (Panthera leo usageKey 5219404; Panthera pardus usageKey 5219436). Each regional count is an occurrence search with limit=0, hasCoordinate=true, and the six pre-registered basisOfRecord values. Libya is the sum of country counts for LY, TN, DZ and MA. Europe outside the Achelous–Nessus box is the continent=EUROPE count minus the same count restricted to the pre-registered polygon. Asia Minor is the pre-registered Anatolia polygon. No area correction was applied. A 20-record European sample was read only to describe what the European counts contain; it is not an input to the four clauses. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 4 clauses failed out of 4 (n = 27012). Interpretation: Quote: 'lions are more numerous in Libya, and in that district of Europe that lies between the Achelous and the Nessus; the leopard is more abundant in Asia Minor, and is not found in Europe at all.' 'More numerous' and 'more abundant' are mapped to GBIF occurrence-record counts, the denominator fixed before download; area-normalized density was the alternative and was not chosen. Libya is the four modern countries west of Egypt, not the modern state alone and not Egypt. The boxes are geographic operationalizations of the two rivers and of Anatolia, not polygons drawn around occurrence clusters. This is a modern occurrence-record proxy for a present-tense ancient distribution: later extirpation is a caveat, not a second dataset. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ha08-36: refutes, confidence 0.55 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha08-36/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A public occurrence index that returns a record count for a named species inside a pre-registered country set or polygon, with coordinates, a basis-of-record field that can drop fossils and living captives, and a licence stated by the index. The count must be of records, not of a density another column would have to supply. Wikipedia and undated memory are not admissible. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation One or more of those inequalities is false, or the European leopard count is positive. A tie is a failure of 'more numerous'. Counts below 30 worldwide for either species do not confirm or refute; they leave the test underpowered. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A 20-record sample of the European hits, not used in the verdict, shows lion records from 1990–2019 in France, Germany and Sweden, including Zoologischer Garten Frankfurt and Tiergarten Nürnberg, and leopard records that are mostly MATERIAL_CITATION (17 of 20), including cave sites, plus one preserved specimen whose locality is a zoo. The basisOfRecord filter removed FOSSIL_SPECIMEN and LIVING_SPECIMEN and did not remove those. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst All four pre-registered clauses fail. Lion records: Libya (LY+TN+DZ+MA) 5, of which LY is 1, TN 0, DZ 1 and MA 3; Achelous–Nessus box 1; Europe outside the box 54. Leopard records: Asia Minor polygon 3, Libya 3, Europe 31. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The claim is in the present tense about the fourth century BCE. This index is mostly modern. Extirpation after Aristotle would make a formerly true statement fail this proxy, and that history is not what these counts measure. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The denominator is occurrence records, not animals. Europe is recorded more densely than Libya or Anatolia, which works against the claim. The lion gap (5 and 1 versus 54) is not a tie. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The polygons are fixed geographic approximations of the Achelous, the Nessus/Nestos and Anatolia, not surveyed ancient boundaries. GBIF continent=EUROPE includes the northern Caucasus. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Under the fixed filters, Panthera leo record counts in Libya and in the Achelous–Nessus box each exceed the lion count in the rest of Europe; Panthera pardus record counts are higher in the Asia Minor box than in Europe and than in Libya, and the European leopard count is zero. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. With both species at or above 30 worldwide records: if 3 or 4 clauses fail, the verdict is refutes; if 1 or 2 clauses fail, the verdict is mixed. A 'more numerous' or 'more abundant' clause fails when its inequality is false (a tie fails). Clause 4 fails when the European leopard count is 1 or greater. If a GBIF query errors or a species match is not exact, the verdict is inconclusive with reason other. Density is not computed and cannot be substituted after the counts are seen. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.55 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If lions are more numerous in Libya and in the European district between the Achelous and the Nessus, and the leopard is more abundant in Asia Minor and absent from Europe, then GBIF georeferenced occurrence-record counts (the pre-registered denominator) will be higher for lions in those two districts than in the rest of Europe, higher for leopards in Asia Minor than in Europe or Libya, and zero for leopards in Europe. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Four pre-registered comparisons of GBIF occurrence counts. No area correction, no effort covariate, no post-hoc change of polygon. Support requires all four true; three or four failures refute; one or two failures are mixed; fewer than 30 worldwide records for either species is inconclusive (underpowered). https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. Denominator is the count of GBIF occurrence records, not area and not a density. Filters, fixed before any count is read: species match of Panthera leo and of Panthera pardus (exact species-rank match; taxonKey includes subordinate taxa), hasCoordinate=true, basisOfRecord in {HUMAN_OBSERVATION, PRESERVED_SPECIMEN, MATERIAL_SAMPLE, OCCURRENCE, MACHINE_OBSERVATION, MATERIAL_CITATION} (fossils and living/captive specimens excluded). Regions, fixed before any count is read: Libya = GBIF countries LY, TN, DZ and MA summed (Aristotle's Libya in this chapter is North Africa west of Egypt; the same chapter treats Egypt separately); Achelous–Nessus box = WKT POLYGON((21.0 38.3, 24.8 38.3, 24.8 41.5, 21.0 41.5, 21.0 38.3)) intersected with continent=EUROPE (west edge the Achelous near 21°E, east edge the Nessus/Nestos near 24.8°E, south the Achelous mouth near 38.3°N, north the upper Nestos near 41.5°N); Europe outside that box = continent=EUROPE minus the box count; Asia Minor = POLYGON((26.3 36.0, 44.0 36.0, 44.0 42.0, 26.3 42.0, 26.3 36.0)); Europe for the leopard = continent=EUROPE. Four clauses pass only if: (1) lion count in Libya > lion count in Europe outside the box; (2) lion count in the box > lion count in Europe outside the box; (3) leopard count in Asia Minor > leopard count in Europe and > leopard count in Libya; (4) leopard count in Europe = 0. The claim is supported only if all four pass. A species with fewer than 30 records worldwide under the same filters makes the test inconclusive (underpowered). https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-ha08-36 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Georeferenced occurrence-record counts, the pre-registered denominator https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha08-36--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license Each contributing dataset carries its own licence (CC0, CC BY, or CC BY-NC). 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