https://w3id.org/np/RAqmerQ3Ooi0a4LR14C4zIulkdrpWscfT68TlSJElABb4/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAqmerQ3Ooi0a4LR14C4zIulkdrpWscfT68TlSJElABb4 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAqmerQ3Ooi0a4LR14C4zIulkdrpWscfT68TlSJElABb4/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAqmerQ3Ooi0a4LR14C4zIulkdrpWscfT68TlSJElABb4 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAqmerQ3Ooi0a4LR14C4zIulkdrpWscfT68TlSJElABb4/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAqmerQ3Ooi0a4LR14C4zIulkdrpWscfT68TlSJElABb4 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAqmerQ3Ooi0a4LR14C4zIulkdrpWscfT68TlSJElABb4/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAqmerQ3Ooi0a4LR14C4zIulkdrpWscfT68TlSJElABb4 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAqmerQ3Ooi0a4LR14C4zIulkdrpWscfT68TlSJElABb4/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Accepted species and subspecies were read from the Clements and IOC Catalogue of Life data packages hosted by GBIF. A binomial kept as a species in exactly one list, whose epithet is a subspecies epithet in the same genus in the other list, was treated as doubtful. All 135 such binomials were matched in GBIF and, when the match was rank SPECIES, counted by country with fossil specimens excluded. Seventy-nine names had at least 30 country-coded records. The pre-registered 80% single-country rule and the two-continent rule were applied to those 79. Russia is coded as Europe in the continent table; Turkey and the Caucasus as Asia. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 0.481013 share of scored rank-disputed bird species with at least 80% of country-coded GBIF records in one country (n = 79, separated-areas share=0.063291; 5 of 79 scored taxa; disputed binomials=135). Interpretation: Darwin's highly locomotive animals that unite for each birth are operationalized as birds in the Clements and IOC world lists. That is a mobility scope, not a test of mammals or insects, and the lists are not filtered to species that form a pair bond. A doubtful form is a name the two checklists rank differently (species versus subspecies), which is the modern reading of 'ranked as species by some and varieties by others'. 'Within the same country' is an ISO country that holds at least 80% of the GBIF records of the species-ranked name. 'Separated areas' are the two countries with the most records when those countries are on different continents. Occurrence totals are a sampling-effort-biased proxy for range. The verdict does not extend beyond birds. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of darwin1859-ch02-03: refutes, confidence 0.57 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/darwin-origin/darwin1859-ch02-03/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets Two independent bird checklists that both record species and subspecies, plus country-coded occurrence records for the disputed species-ranked names. The checklists must be public and reusable. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation Most rank-disputed bird species have at least 80% of their records in one country, or few of them are split across continents. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A shared genus and epithet is not a curated crosswalk. It can collide when the same epithet is used for unrelated subspecies, though the 135 names are the size expected of species-level splits between these two lists. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Birds only. Insects and other highly locomotive animals in Darwin's section were not tested. The checklists were not filtered to species that form a pair bond. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Forty-nine disputed names had fewer than 30 country-coded records and were not scored. Seven GBIF matches were not rank SPECIES. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst GBIF country counts include captive and misapplied records. Among the five taxa scored as separated, Taeniopygia castanotis has the Netherlands ahead of Australia and Anas carolinensis has Sweden ahead of the United States. Those artifacts raise the separated share, and the share is still 0.063291. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The refutation is the separated-areas clause: 5 of 79 scored taxa (0.063291) have their two richest countries on different continents with at least 15% of records each. The support threshold was 0.50 and the refute threshold was 0.25. The within-country share is 0.481013 (38 of 79), which sits between 0.35 and 0.60 and would not by itself support or refute. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Most rank-disputed bird species are not piled into one country, and most have their records split across two continents. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. With at least 40 scored taxa, REFUTES if the within-country share is at least 0.60 or the separated-areas share is at most 0.25. If both the support rule and the refute rule are met, the verdict is MIXED. Any other outcome with at least 40 scored taxa is MIXED. Fewer than 40 scored taxa is inconclusive (underpowered). If either checklist archive or the occurrence API cannot be fetched, the verdict is inconclusive (data-unavailable). Brood parasites and lekking birds are not removed from the lists. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.57 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test--dataset-3 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis Among birds, forms that one world checklist ranks as a species and the other ranks as a subspecies in the same genus are seldom concentrated inside a single country and are commonly split across countries on different continents. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Match species in one checklist to subspecies epithets in the other. For each disputed binomial with at least 30 country-coded GBIF records, score single-country concentration at 80% and two-continent separation at 15% in each of the top two countries. Support requires the concentrated share <= 0.35 and the separated share >= 0.50 among at least 40 taxa. Refutation is a concentrated share >= 0.60 or a separated share <= 0.25. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/darwin1859-ch02-03--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered, before any checklist or occurrence download. Mobility scope is birds (class Aves) only, as the highly locomotive animals that pair to breed; insects and other animals are untested. Doubtful forms are genus-plus-epithet combinations accepted as a species in exactly one of the Clements checklist (GBIF dataset 47f16512-bf31-410f-b272-d151c996b2f6) and the IOC World Bird List (GBIF dataset c696e5ee-9088-4d11-bdae-ab88daffab78) and accepted as a subspecies epithet in the same genus in the other checklist. If more than 600 such binomials exist, they are sorted alphabetically and 600 are kept at evenly spaced ranks (index floor(i * N / 600) for i = 0..599). Geography is the GBIF occurrence country facet for that species-ranked binomial (species/match usageKey, occurrence search with no fossil records). A taxon is scored only if species/match returns rank SPECIES and the occurrence count with a country code is at least 30. Within-country concentration: the single richest country holds at least 80% of those records. Separated areas: the two richest countries lie on different continents, under a fixed ISO-3166 alpha-2 to seven-continent table written in the script before the queries are read for a verdict, and each holds at least 15% of the records. 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