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Cycloid, ctenoid, placoid, ganoid, cosmoid, mixed cycloid and ctenoid, and embedded scales count as scales. The token 'scales absent' is an absence. 'Bony plates or armour' is a covering that is not scales. The lumped token 'scales embedded or partly/completely absent' and 'other (see remark)' are unknown and stay outside the denominator, as do nulls. AnAge, PanTHERIA and every AVONET sheet were opened only to read column names. None names hair, scutes, scales or feathers, so the viviparous and oviparous clauses are untested. No non-fish scale table was found." } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [ { "@value": "Measured: 0.9739130434782609 share of scored fish species with a scale type (n = 3680). Interpretation: Viviparous animals with feet and oviparous animals with feet are the taxa a table marks both for reproductive mode and for feet. A class label alone does not supply feet or parity. Hair is a hair or fur covering. Horny plates are the horn-like tessellates of the sentence: scutes or horny scales of reptiles, not feathers and not fish scales. Fish scales are an explicit scale type on a fish. 'Fishes only' is a second universal, over non-fishes. The three clauses are a conjunction." } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Claim test of aristotle-ha03-16: refutes, confidence 0.78" } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso": [ { "@id": "https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha03-16/result.json" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets": [ { "@value": "A public table from AnAge, FishBase, PanTHERIA, AVONET, GBIF, NCBI, WoRMS or PBDB, or a checksummed paper supplement, that records body covering for named taxa and, for the footed clauses, reproductive mode and feet. A narrative without a taxon denominator is not admissible. Wikipedia is not admissible. The table must not be Aristotle's own text." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType": [ { "@value": "claim-test/0.1.0" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind": [ { "@value": "biological" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation": [ { "@value": "One viviparous footed taxon lacks hair, or one oviparous footed taxon lacks horny plates, or one fish is recorded as scaleless, or one non-fish is recorded as scaled." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst": [ { "@value": "Species with a null scale field, and 200 species with an ambiguous scale phrase, are outside the denominator." }, { "@value": "The exclusivity clause, that only fishes have scales, is untested." }, { "@value": "The hair clause and the horny-plate clause were not scored. AnAge, PanTHERIA and AVONET do not record body covering, and no checksummed cross-clade integument table was fetched." }, { "@value": "The refutation is the fish-scales clause: 96 of 3,680 scored species have no scale type, including four recorded as scales absent. One counterexample is enough for a universal, and a failed conjunct refutes the conjunction." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation": [ { "@value": "Share of hair among scored viviparous footed taxa is 1, share of horny plates among scored oviparous footed taxa is 1, share of scales among scored fishes is 1, and share of scales among scored non-fishes is 0, each with n at least 20." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion": [ { "@value": "Pre-registered. Refute if any clause has at least one counterexample, even when the other clauses are untested: a viviparous footed taxon without hair, an oviparous footed taxon whose covering is not horny plates or scutes, a fish with an explicit absence of scales, or a non-fish with scales. Feathers, hair, bare skin and scales are not horny plates. Scutes without scales are not scales. Mixed if at least one clause is fully scored with zero exceptions and no clause has a counterexample, while another clause is untested or below its floor of 20. Underpowered if every scored taxon is consistent with its clause and every scored clause has fewer than 20 taxa and there is no counterexample. Inconclusive with reason data-unavailable if no admissible table has a body-covering field that can be tied to at least one of the three groups." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence": [ { "@value": "0.78", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-16--claim-test--dataset-1" }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-16--claim-test--dataset-2" }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-16--claim-test--dataset-3" }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-16--claim-test--dataset-4" }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-16--claim-test--dataset-5" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict": [ { "@value": "refutes" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis": [ { "@value": "If the claim holds, every scored viviparous animal with feet has hair, every scored oviparous animal with feet has horny plates, every scored fish has scales, and no scored non-fish has scales." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod": [ { "@value": "Score each taxon once. Absence tokens (none, absent, scaleless, naked, no scales, no hair) and a recorded count of zero are absences. Any other non-null covering token is a presence of that named covering. One counterexample refutes the conjunction. Support requires every clause to clear its floor with zero exceptions. Report each denominator." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion": [ { "@value": "Pre-registered. Support only if all three clauses pass. Clause V: at least 20 viviparous footed taxa are scored for body covering and every one is hair. Clause O: at least 20 oviparous footed taxa are scored and every one is horny plates or scutes. Clause F: at least 20 fishes are scored for scales and every one has scales, and at least 20 non-fishes are scored for scales and none has scales. The denominator of each clause is the taxa that table scores for that character, not the number of species in the world. A null or unknown covering is outside the denominator." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered": [ { "@value": "false", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-16--claim-test--dataset-1", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@value": "TypeofScales for named fish species" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": [ { "@value": "CC BY-NC" } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Dataset: FishBase v26.06 morphdat table" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation": [ { "@id": "https://data.source.coop/cboettig/fishbase/fb/v26.06/parquet/morphdat.parquet" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": [ { "@id": "https://source.coop/cboettig/fishbase" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum": [ { "@value": "sha256:180c611fac5972661809df3072c09c7d5b2aebcf6d002c7e2578f8c4d09b9c7f" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-16--claim-test--dataset-2", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@value": "scientific names of species scored for scales" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": [ { "@value": "CC BY-NC" } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Dataset: FishBase v26.06 species table" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation": [ { "@id": "https://data.source.coop/cboettig/fishbase/fb/v26.06/parquet/species.parquet" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": [ { "@id": "https://source.coop/cboettig/fishbase" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum": [ { "@value": "sha256:87c99bc57f368c6102ea4042e7e6c8019c7405d5a352ead840f06244609ab101" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-16--claim-test--dataset-3", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@value": "column names checked for a body-covering field; 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