https://w3id.org/np/RAnTaeRVAI1cSCG_ExKyaqYhX6Pw1o9MojEJo3uaaJxHI/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAnTaeRVAI1cSCG_ExKyaqYhX6Pw1o9MojEJo3uaaJxHI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAnTaeRVAI1cSCG_ExKyaqYhX6Pw1o9MojEJo3uaaJxHI/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAnTaeRVAI1cSCG_ExKyaqYhX6Pw1o9MojEJo3uaaJxHI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAnTaeRVAI1cSCG_ExKyaqYhX6Pw1o9MojEJo3uaaJxHI/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAnTaeRVAI1cSCG_ExKyaqYhX6Pw1o9MojEJo3uaaJxHI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAnTaeRVAI1cSCG_ExKyaqYhX6Pw1o9MojEJo3uaaJxHI/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAnTaeRVAI1cSCG_ExKyaqYhX6Pw1o9MojEJo3uaaJxHI http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAnTaeRVAI1cSCG_ExKyaqYhX6Pw1o9MojEJo3uaaJxHI/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Three pre-registered BioSample queries were run on Mammalia in order. The first with an esearch count of at least 20 was 'tissue-attribute AND testis' (23366 mammal hits). The same query was applied to Actinopterygii, Chondrichthyes, and Serpentes. Up to 80 records per clade were fetched as XML. A record counts only when an attribute named tissue, organism part, body site, sample type, or tissue type contains the whole word testis or testes. No email was sent to NCBI. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 33 fish plus snake species with a parsed testis BioSample in the fetched sample (n = 139, esearch counts include records not in the fetched sample of 80). Interpretation: Aristotle's 'classes of fish and of serpents' are read as fishes (Actinopterygii and Chondrichthyes) and snakes (Serpentes). 'Have no testes at all, but only two spermatic ducts' is a conjunction. Internal or elongate testes still count as testes. The duct clause is a separate anatomical count and is not decided by tissue labels. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ga01-05 (pr-120): refutes, confidence 0.9 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ga01-05/pr-120/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets NCBI BioSample records with a tissue or sample-type attribute and an organism name. The mammal query is only a positive control that the same filter retrieves testis samples. Query syntaxes, tried in order and locked before any clade count is interpreted: (1) testis[attr] AND "CLADE"[Organism]; (2) testes[attr] AND "CLADE"[Organism]; (3) "tissue"[Attribute Name] AND testis[All Fields] AND "CLADE"[Organism]. The first syntax for which Mammalia has an esearch count of at least 20 is applied unchanged to Actinopterygii, Chondrichthyes, and Serpentes. No email address is sent to NCBI. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation At least one fish species and one snake species have a BioSample whose tissue attribute is testis. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A mammal sample of 20 records all parsed as testis, which is the check that the query names the organ. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Aristotle may have seen elongate testes and called them ducts. The records use the modern name testis. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Ray-finned fishes contribute thousands of esearch hits. The species count is from the first 80 records, not the whole database. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The second clause, that these animals have only two spermatic ducts, is not in the tissue labels and is untested. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation No BioSample from a fish or a snake has tissue testis, while mammals do, and an anatomy source codes the testis absent in fishes and snakes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. REFUTES if at least one species of fish (Actinopterygii or Chondrichthyes) and at least one species of Serpentes each have at least one NCBI BioSample whose parsed tissue, sample-type, or body-site attribute is testis or testes and whose organism is in that group. The claim is the conjunction 'no testes, only two spermatic ducts'; a testis in each class refutes the conjunction. The duct count is not measured by tissue labels and is reported as untested. MIXED if parsed testis samples occur in exactly one of the two groups. INCONCLUSIVE with reason data-unavailable if the BioSample service cannot be queried; reason underpowered if the mammal control returns fewer than 20 samples under every pre-registered query syntax (the query is then not usable) or if neither group has a parsed testis sample and no explicit absence code exists. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.9 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the classes of fishes and of serpents have no testes, a public sample registry that records mammalian testis samples will contain no testis-tissue samples from ray-finned fishes, cartilaginous fishes, or snakes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Esearch count for the control, then esearch plus efetch of up to 80 BioSample XML records per non-mammal clade. A record counts only if an Attribute name matches tissue, sample type, body site, or tissue type and the value matches testis or testes (whole word), and the organism string is retained. Distinct species names are the measured sample size. One confirmed species in each of fishes and snakes refutes the universal. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-05--claim-test--pr-120 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. SUPPORTS only if the mammal positive control returns at least 20 testis BioSamples, both the fish group and Serpentes return zero parsed testis BioSamples, and a second source explicitly codes the testis as absent in those classes. 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