https://w3id.org/np/RAnSW1e_8ysFfkivI24NHTbpYGaPSBaA9l2KxaJuDcJ2g/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAnSW1e_8ysFfkivI24NHTbpYGaPSBaA9l2KxaJuDcJ2g http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAnSW1e_8ysFfkivI24NHTbpYGaPSBaA9l2KxaJuDcJ2g/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAnSW1e_8ysFfkivI24NHTbpYGaPSBaA9l2KxaJuDcJ2g http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAnSW1e_8ysFfkivI24NHTbpYGaPSBaA9l2KxaJuDcJ2g/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAnSW1e_8ysFfkivI24NHTbpYGaPSBaA9l2KxaJuDcJ2g http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAnSW1e_8ysFfkivI24NHTbpYGaPSBaA9l2KxaJuDcJ2g/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAnSW1e_8ysFfkivI24NHTbpYGaPSBaA9l2KxaJuDcJ2g http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAnSW1e_8ysFfkivI24NHTbpYGaPSBaA9l2KxaJuDcJ2g/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Joined FishBase v26.06 species to families for class and to reproduc for RepGuild1 and RepGuild2. Internal live-bearing is a guild string with internal and bear, or vivip. Other non-empty guilds are oviparous. Species proportions were compared with the pre-registered thresholds. Holocephali were not in the elasmobranch denominator. The class label Actinopterygii is absent; the bony-fish proportion uses Teleostei, Holostei, Chondrostei and Cladistii. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 0.5863 proportion of coded elasmobranch species that are internal live-bearers (n = 846). Interpretation: Cartilaginous fishes in this sentence are elasmobranchs (sharks and rays), matching the scope. Chimaeras are cartilaginous but are not folded into that set. 'Viviparous after internal eggs' includes yolk-sac and placental live-bearing and excludes egg-laying. The fishing-frog is Lophius, and the claim's own wording treats it as the exception that does not rear embryos internally, so the pass rule requires Lophius to be oviparous. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ha06-14: refutes, confidence 0.85 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha06-14/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A public species-level reproductive-mode table joined to a class classification, covering sharks, rays and bony fishes, not derived from Aristotle. One pinned FishBase snapshot. Species are not weighted by abundance. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation Fewer than 70% of coded elasmobranchs are internal live-bearers, or fewer than 80% of coded actinopterygians are egg-layers. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Column names of the v26.06 parquet files were read from the parquet schema before registration. No RepGuild value, class label or species row was read. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation At least 90% of elasmobranch species with a coded mode are internal live-bearers, at least 95% of actinopterygians with a coded mode are egg-layers, and Lophius species with a mode are egg-layers. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. Refuted if the elasmobranch viviparous proportion is < 0.70 with at least 30 species, or the actinopterygian oviparous proportion is < 0.80 with at least 200 species. If neither the pass nor the fail thresholds are met, the verdict is mixed. If fewer than 30 elasmobranchs have a mode, the verdict is inconclusive with reason underpowered. If RepGuild2 values are present for more than 100 rows but none contain 'bear', 'vivip' or 'ovipar', the coding is not the reproductive-guild vocabulary and the verdict is inconclusive with reason not-operationalizable. If the tables cannot be downloaded, inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. Holocephali are counted only as a descriptive side table and are not in the elasmobranch denominator. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.85 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds, elasmobranchs bear live young after internal eggs, actinopterygian fishes lay eggs, and Lophius is oviparous. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Species proportions. Internal live-bearing is the Balon internal-bearer guild or an explicit viviparous string. External bearers stay unknown. The fishing-frog exception is the genus Lophius and is required to be oviparous. Thresholds are absolute proportions, not a statistical test against a fitted model. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha06-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. Using the FishBase v26.06 snapshot tables species, families and reproduc: a reproduc row is internal live-bearing if casefolded RepGuild2 contains both 'internal' and 'bear', or contains 'vivip'. A row with a non-empty RepGuild1 or RepGuild2 that is not internal live-bearing is oviparous. RepGuild1 'bearers' with no internal/viviparous RepGuild2 is unknown, not viviparous, so mouth-brooders are not counted as live-bearing. A species is viviparous if it has an internal-live-bearing row and no oviparous row, oviparous if the reverse, and mixed if it has both. Mixed species count in the denominator and as neither mode. 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