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Thresholds are those in the pre-registration." } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [ { "@value": "Measured: 455 Actinopterygii species coded as internal live bearers (n = 9977, FishBase RepGuild2 codes; a species with any internal-live-bearer row is viviparous). Interpretation: Scaly fishes are mapped to FishBase class Actinopterygii, and cartilaginous fishes to Elasmobranchii plus Holocephali. That is the modern bony-versus-cartilaginous split the scope line names. It is wider than 'fishes that bear scales': scaleless ray-finned fishes stay in the bony clause. Aristotle's fishing-frog is Lophius. Mouth-brooders and other external brooders are egg-layers for this claim, because the eggs leave the ovary before the young are born; only internal live bearers count as his viviparous fishes. Lampreys, hagfish, and lobe-finned fishes are in neither clause." } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Claim test of aristotle-ha02-19: refutes, confidence 0.8" } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso": [ { "@id": "https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha02-19/result.json" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets": [ { "@value": "FishBase snapshot v25.04 distributed as parquet by the rfishbase Hugging Face dataset: species, families (for class via FamCode), and reproduc. One species is one species, even if reproduc has several rows: any internal-live-bearer row makes the species viviparous; otherwise an egg-laying row makes it oviparous. Species with no matching guild phrase are unscored and are not counterexamples. The fishing-frog is the genus Lophius." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType": [ { "@value": "claim-test/0.1.0" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind": [ { "@value": "biological" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation": [ { "@value": "Five or more ray-finned species coded as internal live bearers, or five or more sharks, rays, or chimaeras coded as egg-layers." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst": [ { "@value": "'Invariably' and 'all' are treated as universals with a five-species floor before a clause is called failed, so that one miscoded row cannot by itself refute the claim. One to four counterexamples are mixed, not a pass." }, { "@value": "Column names below are the FishBase names documented for these tables (SpecCode, Genus, Species, FamCode, Class, RepGuild1, RepGuild2). No row of v25.04 was opened before this commit. If a snapshot uses a different column name for the same Balon guild field, the script may use that column and must record the rename as a deviation. The thresholds do not change." }, { "@value": "FishBase guilds are compiled literature codes, not a new examination of each species. A refutation is a refutation of the universal claim against those codes." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation": [ { "@value": "No coded ray-finned fish is an internal live bearer, no coded shark, ray, or chimaera is an egg-layer, and every coded Lophius species is an egg-layer." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion": [ { "@value": "A bony counterexample is an actinopterygian species coded as an internal live bearer. A cartilaginous counterexample is an elasmobranch or holocephalan species coded as an egg-layer. Lophius is not removed from the bony tally if FishBase places it in Actinopterygii; it is the named exception only inside the cartilaginous tally, and only if FishBase itself places that species in a cartilaginous class. A clause fails if it has at least 5 counterexample species. Refutes if both the bony clause and the cartilaginous clause fail. Mixed if one of those two clauses fails and the other passes, or if either clause has 1 to 4 counterexample species, or if both clauses pass but a scored Lophius species is an internal live bearer. Inconclusive, reason underpowered, if a clause has fewer scored species than its minimum and the other clause does not fail. Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if the reproduc table has no RepGuild2 column or the class crosswalk cannot be joined." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence": [ { "@value": "0.8", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha02-19--claim-test--dataset-1" }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha02-19--claim-test--dataset-2" }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha02-19--claim-test--dataset-3" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict": [ { "@value": "refutes" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis": [ { "@value": "If the claim holds, every scaly bony fish with a coded reproductive guild in FishBase is an egg-layer, every cartilaginous fish with a coded guild gives birth to live young, and the fishing-frog (Lophius) is an egg-layer rather than a live-bearer." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod": [ { "@value": "Join species to families on FamCode, aggregate reproduc by SpecCode, and apply the thresholds in pass_criterion and fail_criterion. The 1-to-4 band is a pre-registered allowance for single-row coding errors, not a softening of 'all' into 'most': zero is the only pass. Confidence is 0.80 if refutes with both minima met, 0.75 if supports, 0.55 if mixed, and 0.60 if inconclusive." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion": [ { "@value": "Supports only if all three hold: (1) among Actinopterygii with a coded guild, the number of internal-live-bearer species is 0 and at least 100 species are coded; (2) among Elasmobranchii and Holocephali (or a class string containing chondrichthyes) with a coded guild, the number of egg-laying species is 0 and at least 30 species are coded; (3) at least one Lophius species is coded and none of them is an internal live bearer. Egg-laying guilds are RepGuild2 values containing 'egg scatter', 'brood hider', 'clutch tender', 'nester', or 'external brood'. Live-bearing is RepGuild2 containing 'internal live bear', 'internal bearer', or 'live bearer'. 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