@prefix this: . @prefix sub: . @prefix np: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix prov: . @prefix npx: . @prefix dc: . @prefix xsd: . sub:Head { this: a np:Nanopublication; np:hasAssertion sub:assertion; np:hasProvenance sub:provenance; np:hasPublicationInfo sub:pubinfo . } sub:assertion { a ; dc:description "For each of 5 groups (Mammalia, Aves, Squamata, Amphibia, Magnoliopsida) and 10 pre-registered regions (a hot-desert and a humid-forest box on each of 5 continents) the GBIF occurrence API was queried for facet counts of genusKey and familyKey (hasCoordinate, no geospatial issue, PRESENT, 1900-2026, fossil and living specimens excluded). Genera with >= 5 records formed the regional genus set; 11 domestic/commensal genera were removed. Sørensen similarity was computed for all 45 region pairs per group and pairs were classed as within-continent/different-habitat (5 per group), between-continent/same-habitat (20) or between-continent/different-habitat (20). Means were compared per group and a pooled one-sided Mann-Whitney U test (within-continent/different-habitat > between-continent/same-habitat) was run on the 25 vs 100 genus-level pair similarities."; "Measured: 4 groups (of 5) where within-continent/different-habitat mean genus Sørensen > between-continent/same-habitat mean (n = 225, pooled one-sided Mann-Whitney (within > between-same-habitat), genus level: U=2086, p=1.22e-07). Interpretation: Darwin's 'productions of the same continent' are taken as the native genera recorded in GBIF within fixed bounding boxes on five continents (South America, Africa, Australia, North America incl. Central America, mainland Asia). 'Different stations' is operationalized as two habitat types with the strongest possible contrast on each continent: a hot desert/semi-desert box and a humid tropical forest box. 'Affinity' is operationalized as sharing genera (and, secondarily, families), which is the pre-phylogenetic measure of relatedness Darwin himself used. The 'same sea' half of the claim is not tested here. Regions are fixed before any data are downloaded; genera of domestic and commensal species that humans have spread worldwide (Homo, Rattus, Mus, Canis, Felis, Bos, Ovis, Capra, Sus, Equus, Columba) are excluded, as are fossil and living (zoo/garden) specimen records, because the claim concerns natural distribution."; "Claim test of darwin1859-ch11-03: supports, confidence 0.85"; ; prov:wasAttributedTo ; "Planned datasets: gbif-occurrence-search-api"; "claim-test/0.1.0"; "biological"; "Pre-registered: REFUTED if the mean of (i) exceeds the mean of (ii) in 2 or fewer of the 5 groups, or if the pooled one-sided Mann-Whitney test in the opposite direction ((ii) > (i)) gives p < 0.05. Any other outcome is MIXED. If fewer than 4 groups have >= 20 genera in every region, the result is inconclusive (underpowered)."; "Amphibia is underpowered (as few as 4 genera in the Thar desert box) but the criterion was still met in 4 groups with >= 20 genera everywhere (Mammalia, Aves, Squamata, Magnoliopsida); Amphibia is reported but did not decide the verdict.", "Bounding boxes approximate habitats; each box contains some other habitat. Sampling intensity differs by orders of magnitude between boxes (e.g. Asian desert mammals 2.5k records vs North American desert 237k), which depresses similarity for poorly sampled regions regardless of category.", "GBIF is a live resource; re-running reproduces the method but counts drift as records are added. Response checksums at retrieval time are in derived/fetch_log.json.", "Genus sharing is a pre-phylogenetic proxy for 'affinity'; no phylogenetic beta-diversity was computed.", "Introduced and vagrant species other than the 11 excluded commensal genera remain in the lists; they bias toward between-continent similarity, i.e. against the claim.", "Magnoliopsida is the one group where the same habitat on another continent is as similar (0.307) as a different habitat on the same continent (0.295); introduced weeds and genuinely cosmopolitan plant genera both contribute, and GBIF cannot flag introductions reliably.", "The 'same sea' half of the claim was not tested."; "Pre-registered: for each of five taxonomic groups (Mammalia, Aves, Squamata, Amphibia, Magnoliopsida), compute the Sørensen similarity of genus sets (2|A∩B|/(|A|+|B|), GBIF occurrence-derived genus lists, genera with >= 5 records per region) for (i) the 5 within-continent / different-habitat region pairs and (ii) the 20 between-continent / same-habitat region pairs. The claim is SUPPORTED if the mean of (i) exceeds the mean of (ii) in at least 4 of the 5 groups AND a one-sided Mann-Whitney U test pooling all groups' pairs (i) vs (ii) gives p < 0.01."; "Pre-registered: REFUTED if the mean of (i) exceeds the mean of (ii) in 2 or fewer of the 5 groups, or if the pooled one-sided Mann-Whitney test in the opposite direction ((ii) > (i)) gives p < 0.05. Any other outcome is MIXED. If fewer than 4 groups have >= 20 genera in every region, the result is inconclusive (underpowered)."; "0.85"^^xsd:double; ; "supports"; "Within one continent, the genus-level composition of the fauna/flora of two strongly contrasting habitats (hot desert vs. humid tropical forest) is more similar than the composition of the same habitat type on two different continents; i.e. geographic region, not habitat, is the primary predictor of taxonomic affinity."; "For each of 5 groups (Mammalia, Aves, Squamata, Amphibia, Magnoliopsida) and 10 pre-registered regions (a hot-desert and a humid-forest box on each of 5 continents) the GBIF occurrence API was queried for facet counts of genusKey and familyKey (hasCoordinate, no geospatial issue, PRESENT, 1900-2026, fossil and living specimens excluded). Genera with >= 5 records formed the regional genus set; 11 domestic/commensal genera were removed. Sørensen similarity was computed for all 45 region pairs per group and pairs were classed as within-continent/different-habitat (5 per group), between-continent/same-habitat (20) or between-continent/different-habitat (20). Means were compared per group and a pooled one-sided Mann-Whitney U test (within-continent/different-habitat > between-continent/same-habitat) was run on the 25 vs 100 genus-level pair similarities."; "Pre-registered: for each of five taxonomic groups (Mammalia, Aves, Squamata, Amphibia, Magnoliopsida), compute the Sørensen similarity of genus sets (2|A∩B|/(|A|+|B|), GBIF occurrence-derived genus lists, genera with >= 5 records per region) for (i) the 5 within-continent / different-habitat region pairs and (ii) the 20 between-continent / same-habitat region pairs. 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