https://w3id.org/np/RAl5MEr0uFu4z8sWWS5ubEUiF9-QLZOY25xRU6EnpXQNg/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAl5MEr0uFu4z8sWWS5ubEUiF9-QLZOY25xRU6EnpXQNg http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAl5MEr0uFu4z8sWWS5ubEUiF9-QLZOY25xRU6EnpXQNg/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAl5MEr0uFu4z8sWWS5ubEUiF9-QLZOY25xRU6EnpXQNg http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAl5MEr0uFu4z8sWWS5ubEUiF9-QLZOY25xRU6EnpXQNg/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAl5MEr0uFu4z8sWWS5ubEUiF9-QLZOY25xRU6EnpXQNg http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAl5MEr0uFu4z8sWWS5ubEUiF9-QLZOY25xRU6EnpXQNg/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAl5MEr0uFu4z8sWWS5ubEUiF9-QLZOY25xRU6EnpXQNg http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAl5MEr0uFu4z8sWWS5ubEUiF9-QLZOY25xRU6EnpXQNg/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Downloaded the FishBase v25.04 reproduc, species, families and eggs parquet files and the Sharkipedia traits CSV, checked the Zenodo md5, joined cartilaginous fishes on the class names fixed at registration, mapped RepGuild2 and the Reproductive mode trait with the registered substrings, and applied the 0.05 / 0.20 rules. The shell-colour clause ran only if a matching column existed. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 0.4291 oviparous fraction among chondrichthyan species with a FishBase guild class (n = 867). Interpretation: Aristotle's selachians are the cartilaginous fishes, and the sentence says the group forms a soft, one-coloured egg inside and then bears live young. That is read as a class-wide reproductive mode, not as a remark about one Mediterranean species. 'Oviparous internally but produce the young alive' is scored as live-bearing (yolk-sac, histotrophic or placental), and species that deposit egg cases are scored oviparous. Chimaeras (Holocephali) are inside the modern class and inside the primary count; the elasmobranch-only count is reported and can move a disagreement to mixed. Egg colour and shell hardness are part of the sentence but are not assumed to be a column; if they are absent the test says so and does not treat that absence as support. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ga03-01: refutes, confidence 0.6 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ga03-01/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A public species-level compilation of chondrichthyan reproductive mode, assembled from the primary literature and independent of Aristotle's text, with a documented mode field (live-bearing versus egg-laying) and enough coded species to estimate a class-wide fraction (at least 50 on FishBase, at least 40 on Sharkipedia). https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation Egg-laying is at least 20 percent of the species with a coded mode, so live birth is not the class character Aristotle states. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A pass or a fail on mode does not measure egg colour. Confidence is capped at 0.75 when the shell column is absent. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A web-search preview of the Sharkipedia reproductive-mode trait page listed 15 rows and included the word oviparous once. Thresholds were taken from the claim's universal wording, not from that preview, and the traits CSV was not opened. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Before registration, the FishBase reproduction-table manual and the Zenodo record metadata (file name, byte size, md5, CC BY 4.0) were read, and the parquet and CSV URLs were checked with HTTP HEAD. No reproductive-mode values had been tabulated yet. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst FishBase RepGuild2 is Balon's care guild. 'Internal live bearers' is the live-birth state. Egg-case depositors are expected to fall in an egg-laying guild; if the table uses some other string, those species count as unknown rather than being forced into a class. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The manual states that reproduction coverage is a few thousand records for all fishes, so cartilaginous fishes may be under the minimum n. That outcome is inconclusive, not a quiet pass. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Among cartilaginous fishes with an explicit reproductive-mode code, at least 95 percent are internal live-bearers and at most 5 percent lay eggs. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. The mode clause is refuted if n >= 50 and p_ovi >= 0.20 on the source that decides (FishBase if powered, otherwise Sharkipedia if powered). A refuted mode clause refutes the claim even if shell colour is untested, because the claim says cartilaginous fishes bear live young. If 0.05 < p_ovi < 0.20 on the deciding source, the verdict is mixed (live birth is common but not the class character). If both sources have n below their minimum, the verdict is inconclusive with reason underpowered. If the files cannot be fetched or no taxonomy cell matches the three class names, the verdict is inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.6 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds for cartilaginous fishes as a class, species with a recorded reproductive mode are live-bearing (an egg formed inside the mother, young born alive) rather than external egg-layers, so the oviparous fraction is at most a few percent. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Map the documented guild or trait strings to live-bearing or oviparous with the fixed substrings above, drop conflicts, and compare the oviparous fraction to 0.05 and 0.20. No model is fit. The shell-colour clause is applied only when a matching column exists. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. Primary source is the FishBase v25.04 reproduc table joined to species and families. A chondrichthyan is a row whose taxonomy cell matches Elasmobranchii, Holocephali or Chondrichthyes (case-insensitive). RepGuild2 (the second Balon guild field) maps to live-bearing if it contains 'internal live', and to oviparous if it contains 'egg scatter', 'brood hid', 'clutch tend', 'nester' or 'external brood'. Blank and unmapped values are unknown and stay out of the denominator. Multiple rows for one SpecCode must agree or the species is dropped as a conflict. Let n be the number of species classed live-bearing or oviparous, and p_ovi the oviparous fraction of n. The mode clause passes if n >= 50 and p_ovi <= 0.05. The same thresholds on Elasmobranchii alone are a sensitivity: if the all-chondrichthyan call and the elasmobranch-only call are supports versus refutes, the verdict is mixed. Sharkipedia traits v1.0 (Zenodo 10.5281/zenodo.6656525), trait_name 'Reproductive mode', is the second source: oviparous if the value contains 'ovipar'; live-bearing if it contains vivipar, placental, lecithotroph, histotroph, oophag, adelphophag, matrotroph, trophonem, aplacental or 'yolk-sac'; a value matching both is ambiguous and dropped; species with both classes across rows are conflicts and dropped. Sharkipedia is powered if its n >= 40. If both sources are powered and one passes while the other refutes, the verdict is mixed. If only one is powered, it decides. The soft-shell and one-colour clause is tested only if reproduc or eggs has a column whose name matches shell, egg case, colour or color: it fails if 10 or more species otherwise classed live-bearing are coded horny, keratinous or hard-shelled. 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