https://w3id.org/np/RAkAcIdn054OtOS7v2WR2px9zIfs1aPyL2T5bEfcsFUgI/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAkAcIdn054OtOS7v2WR2px9zIfs1aPyL2T5bEfcsFUgI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAkAcIdn054OtOS7v2WR2px9zIfs1aPyL2T5bEfcsFUgI/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAkAcIdn054OtOS7v2WR2px9zIfs1aPyL2T5bEfcsFUgI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAkAcIdn054OtOS7v2WR2px9zIfs1aPyL2T5bEfcsFUgI/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAkAcIdn054OtOS7v2WR2px9zIfs1aPyL2T5bEfcsFUgI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAkAcIdn054OtOS7v2WR2px9zIfs1aPyL2T5bEfcsFUgI/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAkAcIdn054OtOS7v2WR2px9zIfs1aPyL2T5bEfcsFUgI http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAkAcIdn054OtOS7v2WR2px9zIfs1aPyL2T5bEfcsFUgI/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Vertebra numbers were read from FishBase morphdat. When both VertebraeTotalMin and VertebraeTotalMax were present, the lower end was kept; otherwise the remaining total or the single Vertebrae field was kept. The species value is the median of those row values. Species with no reproduc row were dropped, as were species whose ReproMode, Fertilization, RepGuild1 or RepGuild2 text contained 'vivipar' or both 'internal' and 'bearer' (RepGuild2 value 'internal live bearers'). f is the share of the remaining species whose median count is at least 2. The species table supplied binomials for the two species under that line. The README's fb/v26.07 paths returned 404, so the newest snapshot that served these tables, v25.04, was used. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 0.999 fraction of non-live-bearing FishBase species with a median vertebra count >= 2 (n = 2033, median vertebra count = 35; 2031 of 2033 species are divided). Interpretation: The full sentence says Empedocles was in error to treat the vertebrae as a backbone broken by the contorted position of the foetus in the womb, and then gives a positive alternative: a seed with formative properties, and a parent who already exists. That positive alternative is not a measurement. What is measured is the negation he states, restricted to fishes because FishBase records vertebra counts and reproductive guilds. An egg-laying fish does not pass through a contorted life in a womb, so a divided vertebral column in that fish is incompatible with uterine contortion as the general cause. Mouth brooders and other external bearers stay in the set. The test does not watch somites form, and it does not score Aristotle's formative-seed doctrine. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-pa01-02: supports, confidence 0.74 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-pa01-02/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A species-level table of fishes with a numeric vertebral count and a reproductive-mode field, compiled independently of Aristotle, with a public checksummed file. Counts for tetrapods are admissible in principle but are not in the planned files. Encyclopaedia prose is not admissible. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation Fewer than half of those species have a vertebra count of at least 2. Nothing in a species-level count table can confirm or refute the further claim that characters in general are not developmental accidents. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst FishBase is a literature compilation (CC BY-NC), not a new dissection series. One hundred and two species with a count were excluded as internal live bearers. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The denominator is 2033 fish species that have both a vertebra count and a reproduction record, out of 6377 species with a count. Birds, amphibians and reptiles are not in FishBase. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The observation is co-occurrence: egg-laying fishes have many vertebrae. It is not a film of how vertebral elements form, and it says nothing about contortion inside an egg. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst This scores only the rejection of Empedocles' womb-contortion mechanism. Aristotle's alternative, a seed with formative properties, is not measured, and neither is the general claim that animal characters are not developmental accidents. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Two species fall below 2. Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey) is recorded as 0 to 0; lampreys lack vertebral centra. Siganus puelloides is recorded with VertebraeTotalMin 1 and no maximum, which is not a credible siganid count and is left in the denominator as recorded. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Among FishBase species that are not internal live bearers and that have a vertebra count, at least 95 percent have a count of at least 2, the median count is at least 20, and at least 50 species are scored. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Refutes if n >= 50 and f < 0.50 (egg-laying fishes with a recorded count usually lack a divided backbone, which would leave Empedocles' mechanism standing as a general account). Mixed if n >= 50 and the result is neither a pass nor a refutation. Inconclusive, reason underpowered, if 0 < n < 50. Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if the tables cannot be fetched or no vertebra column is present. The general remark that animal characters are not mere incidents of development is not scored: no observation in these tables would decide it. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.74 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test--dataset-3 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict supports https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If a divided backbone is not caused by the foetus being contorted in a womb, then fishes that do not develop as internal live bearers still have a backbone divided into vertebrae. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Species-level median vertebra count after dropping internal live bearers and species with no reproduction record. f = (species with count >= 2) / n. Pass at n >= 50, f >= 0.95 and median >= 20. Refute at n >= 50 and f < 0.50. Otherwise mixed, or inconclusive if n < 50 or the column is missing. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa01-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Using FishBase snapshot fb/v25.04 (the newest snapshot whose morphdat and reproduc parquet files answered HTTP 200; the README's v26.07 paths answered 404), take species that have a numeric vertebra count and at least one reproduction record, and drop any species whose reproduction-guild, fertilization, or mode field contains 'vivipar', 'ovovivipar', or both 'internal' and 'bearer'. For each remaining species, the count is the median across morphology rows of the vertebra number (the lower end of a min/max pair when both exist). A backbone is divided when that count is >= 2. Let n be the number of species and f the fraction divided. 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