https://w3id.org/np/RAiy0Umq3dd0E6znGtZ8gvyv1zU_8UaZLTFkVAYZcSui4/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAiy0Umq3dd0E6znGtZ8gvyv1zU_8UaZLTFkVAYZcSui4 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAiy0Umq3dd0E6znGtZ8gvyv1zU_8UaZLTFkVAYZcSui4/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAiy0Umq3dd0E6znGtZ8gvyv1zU_8UaZLTFkVAYZcSui4 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAiy0Umq3dd0E6znGtZ8gvyv1zU_8UaZLTFkVAYZcSui4/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAiy0Umq3dd0E6znGtZ8gvyv1zU_8UaZLTFkVAYZcSui4 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAiy0Umq3dd0E6znGtZ8gvyv1zU_8UaZLTFkVAYZcSui4/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAiy0Umq3dd0E6znGtZ8gvyv1zU_8UaZLTFkVAYZcSui4 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAiy0Umq3dd0E6znGtZ8gvyv1zU_8UaZLTFkVAYZcSui4/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Supplementary Table S1 of Chai et al. 2021 was converted with pdftotext and each row's scrotum state and testis-position code were read. UDT was treated as the loin, and IDT or CDT as not the loin, as pre-registered. The Akbari et al. 2018 dissection PDF was converted the same way and sentences that mention the testes together with inguinal, pubic, abdominal or scrotal language were kept. Animal Diversity Web accounts for the chicken, green lizard, Greek tortoise and Nile crocodile were searched for testis sentences. One failed hedgehog clause refutes the conjunction. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 19 other viviparous mammals in the table coded ascrotal (n = 61). Interpretation: Aristotle's 'close to the loin' is the lumbar region beside the kidneys, not merely 'somewhere inside the body'. Incompletely descended (inguinal or pubic) testes are internal but are not at the loin. 'Oviparous quadrupeds such as the lizard, the tortoise and the crocodile' are represented by Lacerta viridis, Testudo graeca and Crocodylus niloticus. Birds are represented by Gallus gallus, not by a sample of all birds. The hedgehog clause is read as a positive claim about Erinaceus, not as a uniqueness claim. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ha03-02: refutes, confidence 0.84 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha03-02/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A comparative mammal testis-position table that includes Erinaceus, a primary dissection of adult male Erinaceus europaeus, and species accounts for one bird, one lizard, one tortoise and one crocodile. Accounts must be public. A missing statement is not evidence of absence. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation The hedgehog testes are scrotal, inguinal, or pubic rather than beside the loin, or any named bird or oviparous quadruped is described with scrotal or external testes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Akbari and colleagues also call the testes intra-abdominal and say there is no true scrotum. The same paper places them caudolaterally in the inguinal region, with scrotal pouches against the pubic muscles. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst IDT was pre-registered as inguinal rather than beside the loin. The table's own note expands IDT as incompletely descended testis. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst No licence line was extracted from the PDFs or the accounts. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The Chai table codes 19 other viviparous mammals as ascrotal. That count is reported and was pre-registered as not a pass or fail, because the sentence does not say the hedgehog is unique. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The dissection's opening sentence names the sample as 'five adult male'. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The four Animal Diversity Web accounts do not state a testis position, so the bird, lizard, tortoise and crocodile clauses are untested. The hedgehog clause is enough to refute the conjunction. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Erinaceus europaeus is coded ascrotal and undescended (testes at the loin), and the four named accounts place bird, lizard, tortoise and crocodile testes inside the abdomen near the kidneys. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. Refutes if the hedgehog fails either part: a source calls the testes scrotal, or any source places them in the pubic, inguinal or perineal region, or the table code is IDT or CDT. Also refutes if any of the four Animal Diversity Web accounts places the testes in a scrotum or outside the abdomen. Mixed if the two hedgehog sources disagree (one lumbar or abdominal-at-the-kidney, the other inguinal or pubic) or if the hedgehog passes and at least one of the other four taxa fails. Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if the hedgehog does not fail and any required taxon account does not state a testis position, so the conjunction cannot be confirmed. Other ascrotal mammals in the Chai table are counted and reported; uniqueness is not a pass or fail condition, because the sentence does not say the hedgehog is the only viviparous animal with internal testes. Monotremes in that table are oviparous and are excluded from the viviparous count. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.84 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test--dataset-3 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds, adult male birds, the named oviparous quadrupeds (a lizard, a tortoise and a crocodile) and the European hedgehog all carry their testes inside the body and next to the loin (the lumbar region beside the kidneys), rather than in a scrotum. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Map table codes UDT, IDT and CDT to loin, inguinal and scrotal. Read dissection sentences for scrotum versus pubic, inguinal or lumbar placement. The claim is a conjunction, so one failed group refutes it; unstated groups block a support verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. Supports only if every named group passes. Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus): both the Chai et al. 2021 comparative table and the Akbari et al. 2018 dissection describe the testes as not scrotal (ascrotal, no true scrotum, or intra-abdominal) AND the position is the loin: the table code is UDT (undescended, abdominal) and neither source places the testes in the pubic, inguinal or perineal region. Birds, lizard, tortoise and crocodile: the Animal Diversity Web account for Gallus gallus, Lacerta viridis, Testudo graeca and Crocodylus niloticus each contains a sentence that places the testes internally (abdominal, internal, or beside the kidney or loin) and none places them in a scrotum. 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http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Chai et al. 2021 Additional file 1, Table S1, testis position of mammals https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://media.springernature.com/original/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12862-021-01753-5/MediaObjects/12862_2021_1753_MOESM1_ESM.pdf https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12862-021-01753-5 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:0b3b7fb434ae8d7aa040d5519aa6b298e69df8bfac69d9ce417259d875877bdf https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-02--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description primary description of where the adult male hedgehog testes lie 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