https://w3id.org/np/RAiGrAJotB3gIvhLC-9tbReMhveII_wRmhWLvxFzLiuCk/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAiGrAJotB3gIvhLC-9tbReMhveII_wRmhWLvxFzLiuCk http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAiGrAJotB3gIvhLC-9tbReMhveII_wRmhWLvxFzLiuCk/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAiGrAJotB3gIvhLC-9tbReMhveII_wRmhWLvxFzLiuCk http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAiGrAJotB3gIvhLC-9tbReMhveII_wRmhWLvxFzLiuCk/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAiGrAJotB3gIvhLC-9tbReMhveII_wRmhWLvxFzLiuCk http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAiGrAJotB3gIvhLC-9tbReMhveII_wRmhWLvxFzLiuCk/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAiGrAJotB3gIvhLC-9tbReMhveII_wRmhWLvxFzLiuCk http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAiGrAJotB3gIvhLC-9tbReMhveII_wRmhWLvxFzLiuCk/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Two Figshare xlsx workbooks were downloaded and sheet 1 was read. A species is a row whose first cell is an integer. The upper-beak change in angle is column I and the lower-beak change is column N, under the header row that names those columns. A nonzero upper-beak change in a species other than the river crocodile refutes the uniqueness clause. The PNAS sd01 URL was requested; a body that is not a zip workbook was checksummed and not parsed. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 70 scored species other than crocodiles with a nonzero upper-beak angle change (n = 70). Interpretation: Thompson's translation, HA III.7, the sentence in parentheses: 'Animals in general move the lower jaw; the river crocodile is the only animal that moves the upper one.' This file only. 'River crocodile' is the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus; a table that scores Crocodylia and not the species is accepted as the crocodile and that coarseness is a caveat. 'Moves the upper jaw' is a score that the upper jaw, maxilla, or snout moves relative to the braincase during feeding. Lifting the whole head is not upper-jaw movement. 'Moves the lower jaw' is depression or rotation of the mandible. Taxa outside the table are not guessed. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ha03-12: refutes, confidence 0.75 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha03-12/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A checksummed paper supplement, or a table from the allowed repositories, with one row per taxon and an explicit code for which jaw element moves or for presence of cranial kinesis. Fetched and checksummed. GBIF occurrences and taxonomic lists without a jaw-motion code are inadmissible. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation Any scored non-crocodile taxon moves the upper jaw, or the crocodile is scored as a lower-jaw mover without upper-jaw movement. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Every scored species also has a nonzero lower-beak angle change. That is inside this bird sample, not a sample of jawed animals in general. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The PNAS supplementary workbook URL did not return a workbook and was not used. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The workbooks are woodpeckers and other insectivorous birds. They contain no Crocodylus row, so the claim that the river crocodile moves the upper jaw is untested. The uniqueness clause fails if any other scored animal moves the upper jaw. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Upper-beak angle and lower-beak angle are separate columns. The table does not name the reference segment as the braincase. Whole-head lift is not a separate code. The smallest absolute upper-beak change is under one degree; species with a change of at least one degree are counted in measured.extra and are already enough to refute uniqueness. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation The scored crocodile moves the upper jaw, no other scored taxon does, and at least 60 percent of scored jawed taxa move the lower jaw. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. REFUTES if any taxon other than the river crocodile is scored as moving the upper jaw (upper jaw mobile on the braincase, cranial kinesis, prokinesis, or streptostyly), or if the crocodile itself is scored as moving the lower jaw and not the upper jaw. The uniqueness clause is universal: one scored non-crocodile upper-jaw mover refutes it, and the denominator of scored taxa is reported. MIXED if the crocodile matches the claim but the 'animals in general move the lower jaw' majority fails, or the reverse, without a non-crocodile upper-jaw mover. INCONCLUSIVE reason data-unavailable if no fetched table scores which jaw moves. A skull photo, occurrence, or jaw-length column is not the variable. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.75 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test--dataset-3 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis Jawed animals in general move the lower jaw, and the river crocodile is the only animal that moves the upper jaw. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Denominator is taxa with a non-missing jaw-motion or kinesis code. Uniqueness is a count of non-crocodile upper-jaw movers (threshold: any). The general clause is a proportion with threshold 0.60 and n >= 20. This claim is the conjunction. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. SUPPORTS only if both hold in the fetched table: (i) among jawed taxa with a scored jaw element, a majority (>= 60 percent, n >= 20) are scored as moving the lower jaw; (ii) the river crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus, or Crocodylia if the table does not split species) is scored as moving the upper jaw and no other taxon in the denominator is scored as moving the upper jaw. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-ha03-12 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description species rows with upper-beak and lower-beak change in angle https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-12--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license 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