https://w3id.org/np/RAhQSA7m0QnLlz2cLzYwkZsoXX4u6UK0TMh7qqbdHpKg0/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAhQSA7m0QnLlz2cLzYwkZsoXX4u6UK0TMh7qqbdHpKg0 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAhQSA7m0QnLlz2cLzYwkZsoXX4u6UK0TMh7qqbdHpKg0/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAhQSA7m0QnLlz2cLzYwkZsoXX4u6UK0TMh7qqbdHpKg0 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAhQSA7m0QnLlz2cLzYwkZsoXX4u6UK0TMh7qqbdHpKg0/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAhQSA7m0QnLlz2cLzYwkZsoXX4u6UK0TMh7qqbdHpKg0 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAhQSA7m0QnLlz2cLzYwkZsoXX4u6UK0TMh7qqbdHpKg0/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAhQSA7m0QnLlz2cLzYwkZsoXX4u6UK0TMh7qqbdHpKg0 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAhQSA7m0QnLlz2cLzYwkZsoXX4u6UK0TMh7qqbdHpKg0/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Downloaded Nixon 2011 and extracted the sentences that give the appendage counts. Decapodiformes, which the chapter identifies as including Sepia officinalis (Sepiida), are stated to have four pairs of arms and one pair of tentacles. Myopsid and oegopsid squids are drawn with arms I through IV, which is four pairs, and tentacles are not added. Octopodiformes are stated to have just four pairs of arms. The three planned measurement files were requested and did not return tables (hosono-2024-heterololigo-arm-lengths: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden; voss-mehta-2022-octopus-arm-measurements: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden; guerra-2001-sepia-morphometrics: HTTP Error 404: Not Found). SeaLifeBase v26.06 morphdat has 159 columns; 0 match arm, tentacle or mantle. The length clause is unscored. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 8 arms stated for Decapodiformes (cuttlefish and squid) and for Octopodiformes (octopus) (n = 3). Interpretation: The sentence under test is the eight-feet count and the length contrast among Sepias, Calamaries and Poulps. In the same paragraph Aristotle separates two long proboscises of cuttlefish and squid from the eight feet, and says the poulp has no proboscises. Feet are therefore the arms, and proboscises are the tentacles. Short and long are read relative to the trunk, measured as arm length divided by mantle length. Nautiluses and other cephalopods outside cuttlefish, squid and octopus are outside the stated scope and are not scored. This is not a test of whether Aristotle's material-redistribution explanation is true. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-pa04-14: inconclusive, confidence 0.35 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-pa04-14/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets Open anatomical descriptions or specimen tables that state arm counts or measure arm length and mantle length of sepiids, squid and octopods, independent of Aristotle's text. A SeaLifeBase morphometrics table counts only if it actually has an arm-count field or numeric arm length and mantle length; otherwise it is not used. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation Any of the three kinds has an arm count other than eight, tentacles excluded, or the octopus arm-length/mantle-length median is not greater than both of the other two. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Analysis: No arm-length to mantle-length ratios for the three kinds were obtained. The length files were not measurement tables, and SeaLifeBase morphdat has no arm or mantle field, so the length contrast is untested. The verdict is inconclusive for that reason. The count clause itself passed. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Analysis: The arm count is a group diagnosis in a morphological review, not a recount of specimens. Cuttlefish enter as Sepia officinalis (Decapodiformes, Sepiida). Squid enter because the chapter's diagram of extant myopsid and oegopsid squids labels arms I through IV, the same four pairs the Decapodiformes sentence counts, and the chapter says the tentacles of some so-called eight-armed squids are resorbed later. That resorption does not change the arm count of eight. Tentacles were not added. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Before this file was committed, landing pages and documentation for the planned datasets were checked to confirm that the URLs respond and that arm count or arm length is the kind of variable they carry. No specimen table was downloaded and no arm-length ratio was computed. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Search snippets had already described the Treatise chapter as stating that decapodiform coleoids have four pairs of arms plus a pair of tentacles. That sentence is not used as a measurement; the script must extract it from the fetched text. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Cuttlefish, squid and octopus are each described as having eight arms, and the median arm-length/mantle-length of octopuses exceeds that of cuttlefish and of squid by at least half a mantle length. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. Verdict 'refutes' if the count clause fails (any of the three kinds is stated to have an arm count other than 8, tentacles excluded) or if the count clause passes and the length clause fails (octopus group median is less than or equal to both the cuttlefish median and the squid median). Verdict 'mixed' if the count clause passes and the length clause is partial: the octopus median exceeds only one of the other two groups, or it exceeds both but by less than 0.50 for at least one comparison. Verdict 'inconclusive' with reason 'data-unavailable' if the count source cannot be read, or if the count clause passes and the length clause is unscored because a group's measurements cannot be obtained or fall below the minimum n. Verdict 'inconclusive' with reason 'underpowered' if length measurements exist but every group is below the minimum n. Confidence, set by this rule and not revised after the numbers: 0.72 when both clauses are scored and each group has at least 2 species or 10 individuals; 0.60 when the verdict rests on the count clause alone; 0.55 for mixed; 0.35 for inconclusive. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.35 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict inconclusive https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds for the cuttlefish, squid and octopus named in it, those three kinds each have eight arms, and the arms are short relative to the mantle in cuttlefish and squid and longer relative to the mantle in the octopus. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Code arm counts from the anatomical text, tentacles excluded. For lengths, reduce arms within an individual to their median, individuals within a species to their median ratio (or the ratio of published means), and species within a kind to the group median. Compare those three medians with the fixed margin 0.50. Apply the verdict table in fail_criterion. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. Count clause passes if an admissible anatomical source states that cuttlefish, squid and octopus each have eight arms. Tentacles or proboscises, when the same source distinguishes them, are not added to the arm count. Length clause passes if, on specimen or species-mean measurements, the group median of (arm length / mantle length) for octopus exceeds the cuttlefish median and the squid median by at least 0.50 mantle-lengths each. Arm length for an individual is the median of its measured arms; a species value is the median of individual ratios, or the ratio of published mean arm length to mean mantle length when only means are given. A group median is the median of its species values. Each group needs at least 5 individuals or 2 species, else the length clause is unscored. Both clauses must pass for the verdict 'supports'. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-pa04-14 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description group-level arm and tentacle counts for Decapodiformes and Octopodiformes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license University of Kansas Paleontological Institute; PDF publicly downloadable from the journal https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Nixon 2011, Treatise Online 17, Part M Chapter 3, Anatomy of Recent forms https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://journals.ku.edu/treatiseonline/article/download/4087/3854 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://doi.org/10.17161/to.v0i0.4087 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:2757962e14f6275a5aad0fb240a6abd365538801ca79d1f8cf1992cc684aaf75 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description checked for an arm-length or mantle-length field; 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