https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description analysis.py joins FishBase species to families and keeps class Elasmobranchii, dropping Chimaeriformes and the three holocephalan families. Reproductive mode is reproduc.RepGuild2. A guild containing 'internal live bearer' is an internal live bearer; every other non-null guild is not. species.AnaCat in this snapshot is a migration field, so it is not used. Viperidae rows come from SquamBase sheet data, column Mode of reproduction. The trait codebook is read for how that column treats ovoviviparity. The Meiri fallback was not fetched because SquamBase downloaded. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 339 coded elasmobranch species that are not internal live bearers (n = 834). Interpretation: Aristotle's cartilaginous fishes (selachians) are elasmobranchs, not chimaeras. 'Eggs internally, then live young' is ovoviviparity or other internal live bearing, as against laying an egg case. FishBase AnaCat 'viviparous' is counted with 'ovoviviparous' for sharks and rays because the disconfirming code is oviparity; the table may not separate placental from yolk-sac live bearers, and that split is reported if present but is not required. Vipers are family Viperidae. A viviparous code that does not say the egg is retained leaves the internal-egg half of the viper clause unscored. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ga01-11: mixed, confidence 0.74 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ga01-11/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets FishBase species or reproduction rows with AnaCat or RepGuild, and a downloaded squamate reproductive-mode table with a checksum that includes Viperidae. The mode must be an explicit code. Wikipedia and textbooks do not count. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation At least 20 percent of coded elasmobranchs are oviparous or otherwise not internal live bearers, or at least 30 percent of coded vipers are oviparous. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst FishBase license on the dataset card is CC BY-NC 4.0. SquamBase license on the Dryad record is CC0 1.0. Chimaeras are class Holocephali in this snapshot and are not in the elasmobranch count. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Of the 495 internal live bearers, 322 AddInfos texts mention ovoviparity. The guild label does not separate placental from yolk-sac live birth. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The selachian clause fails: 339 of 834 coded elasmobranchs are open water/substratum egg scatterers, which is above the 20 percent fail line. All 221 coded Rajiformes are in that guild. 495 are internal live bearers. 452 of 1286 elasmobranch species have no RepGuild2 and are outside the denominator. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The viper clause does not pass. 252 of 313 coded Viperidae are viviparous and 61 are oviparous, so the live-bearing fraction clears 80 percent and the oviparous fraction stays under 30 percent. Supplementary Table S3 says 'ovoviviparous species considered to be viviparous', so the internal-egg half is unscored. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation At least 90 percent of coded elasmobranchs excluding chimaeras are internal live bearers, n at least 40, and at least 80 percent of coded vipers are viviparous, n at least 15. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. Selachians fail if n is at least 40 and at least 20 percent of coded species are not internal live bearers (AnaCat oviparous, or an egg-laying guild). Vipers fail if n is at least 15 and at least 30 percent are Oviparous. A fraction between the pass and fail thresholds leaves that clause unscored. Two failed clauses refute the claim. A pass together with a fail or an unscored clause is mixed. If both clauses are unscored because the tables could not be fetched, the verdict is inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. If both are unscored because n is below the minimum, reason underpowered. If both are unscored because the fraction sits between the thresholds or the mode field does not separate internal eggs from live birth, reason other. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.74 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict mixed https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds, cartilaginous fishes other than chimaeras, and vipers, are coded as producing eggs that are retained internally and then as bearing live young. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Each clause is scored pass, fail or unscored from the fractions and sample sizes above. Supports requires both passes; refutes requires both fails; any remaining split is mixed; both unscored is inconclusive with the reason named in the fail criterion. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered, two clauses. Selachians: among Elasmobranchii species excluding order Chimaeriformes and families Callorhinchidae, Chimaeridae and Rhinochimaeridae, with a non-null reproductive mode, n at least 40 and at least 90 percent coded internal live bearers. Internal live bearer means AnaCat viviparous or ovoviviparous, or a RepGuild containing internal live bearer or live bearer. Vipers: among Viperidae species with a non-null mode, n at least 15 and at least 80 percent Viviparous, or ovoviviparous where that code is separate. The claim supports only if both clauses pass. A dataset that lumps ovoviviparity into viviparity can pass the live-bearing part of the viper clause and leaves the internal-egg part unscored; that clause then does not pass. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-ga01-11 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description RepGuild2 for class Elasmobranchii. Parquet files over 1 MB are not committed. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license CC BY-NC 4.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: FishBase species, families and reproduc tables, rfishbase snapshot v25.04 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://huggingface.co/datasets/cboettig/fishbase/raw/main/README.md https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://huggingface.co/datasets/cboettig/fishbase/resolve/main/data/fb/v25.04/parquet/families.parquet https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://huggingface.co/datasets/cboettig/fishbase/resolve/main/data/fb/v25.04/parquet/reproduc.parquet https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://huggingface.co/datasets/cboettig/fishbase/resolve/main/data/fb/v25.04/parquet/species.parquet https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://huggingface.co/datasets/cboettig/fishbase https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:02bfae694deed266250e58ecebf4b10af595178944c431612e865cb37dc563e4 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:3f09bbb09c1c10219277f35b4f8c42aebedd5f1b8e00ebdfdeb0e16574b0e090 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:43e1f115ebbd2bf72fb754c402c1f8ad172ea340cee3cddd581d932b2667987e https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:ee1088efa629eb16a7305031f97856c2ea1a75796d7e8a42749ba4e3d5c2b7fe https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Viperidae mode of reproduction. The workbook is over 1 MB and is not committed. Primary article recorded by Dryad: https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13812 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license CC0 1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: SquamBase 1.0, a dataset of squamate species traits https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://datadryad.org/api/v2/datasets/doi:10.5061%2Fdryad.76hdr7t3b https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://datadryad.org/downloads/file_stream/2884606 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://datadryad.org/downloads/file_stream/2884612 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://datadryad.org/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.76hdr7t3b https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:71fbfc27e2e46fe9609a41c65c54bd9c9f73f8e02e1f6897345c497c0231765c https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:956b2032d6c5219f281bbaab766105632256b74ef292163b5f74dbcbf8c66e64 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:e850eb807240e1012d0af3e5f2c33a84dab406d50e86a8e3dc591f51a64912af https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/provenance https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#SoftwareAgent https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label delphisci claim tester (grok-4.7; cursor/aristotle-anatomy-a-3db5) https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#actedOnBehalfOf https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/usesModel https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 http://purl.org/dc/terms/identifier grok-4.7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/LanguageModel https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ga01-11/result.json https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasGeneratedBy https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/test https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/plan http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#hadPlan https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/README.md https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Activity https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#qualifiedAssociation https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/plan https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAssociatedWith https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI http://purl.org/dc/terms/created 2026-11-08T16:24:31.726Z https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192 https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasNanopubType https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ga01-11: mixed, confidence 0.74 https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/domain https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/domain/aristotle-biology https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm RSA https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAyFHtPB6p0mCjDozxlOY9CmO3nBm7Te3jFbXyLmM+G1tGe47Da0jYIbhkl9Oo1ZjxmCa3LCwlEqK8gj6hEIcL4ahW30JXh9HycfKVk1bugkzMEV15tJdTzAU3sGMFnbNsn43xY2LFLy45tApkRm5byEiM7oRRrooIdwoQKnP4Wzq/bfAoJ9qvW+MGkelyOTd1jbSt+KfmT7xKmDfWzAHddUlWwMX2QJOLxDaffOteTop6ZRgPiNmPJKA/S62Gac9XtSYT3oDkZ6/nr5cxxNLpOyxTf5FPISiCe11xYO/unYjY+mwnOfA8yhJIyx1l0O9I0vpOpn+E5TvyHJV+oSTrvwIDAQAB https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature jkEwbX9haYkju+oSf+Av76oCy/aRu54swOfJWsr0LtBCoqd1ryhAObG6a2Zo56UD9el8FgtOWQJUtJjdD23e9xYkAACwskMEfS6WRd2AVmpuCnJRPFopNIk4VmBcWkAZkmIGJxo821QCsy4UgtSV03pIiVDxzZFiGo5+A4xp7qm5JHyJsFOT/6UGusYfdGXQvsZJ9/ayCMftUBoy1Rs8S3+lBQ/hVaSmdo3VXd77I2vadN3INsgAX8ZH7wtn//JgWOI0u13FAYgTR2akiQY+vz5bs5AD/4TeT3Uf8ShVvifq+us7l1zV5N9IXI68bEwtQM2lsZ8gOAov1gtZuGTR7g== https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI https://w3id.org/np/RAh-gEvX6gUcsKrZ1RKeQPpnVh_iAZSNcieemD5lF9PrI/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192