https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description MorphoSource media and physical objects were searched for eyelid, palpebra, nictitating, lower eyelid, upper eyelid, brille, and spectacle. All seven queries returned no records. The species tables were then read from the JATS XML of Morris and Parsons (Animals 2023, 13, 3656), fetched from PMC. Table A1 was counted by species row: a Y in the full-upper-lid column or the partial-upper-lid column is an upper eyelid that moves. Table A2 was counted by species: a Y in any column whose header names the lower lid is a lower-lid blink. Nictitating-membrane marks were not treated as an eyelid. Blank cells inherited from a merged header were not counted as species. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 167 bird species with a full upper-lid blink in Table A1 (n = 592). Interpretation: Oviparous quadrupeds are lizards, tortoises, and crocodilians, the groups named in the claim's scope. Snakes are excluded because they are not quadrupeds. Birds are the comparison clause. 'No upper eyelid' and 'close the eye with the lower lid' are read as a statement about which lid moves, not as the mere presence of an eye or of eyelid skin in a dissection title. A nictitating membrane is not scored as an upper or a lower eyelid unless the text says it is one of those lids. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-pa04-24: mixed, confidence 0.74 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-pa04-24/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets MorphoSource media or physical-object metadata whose title, part, or description states the eyelid character, or a paper supplement table, checksummed, with one row per species and a column for the eyelid. A single species example is not a denominator. Wikipedia and an unscored narrative page are not admissible. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation Three or more species in either group whose record says the upper lid closes the eye, that a moving upper eyelid is present, or that the eye closes with a spectacle or with no eyelid. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst MorphoSource returned no media and no physical objects for eyelid, palpebra, nictitating, brille, or spectacle. Those zeros are not evidence that an upper eyelid is absent. The species spelling Crocodylus hombifer is the spelling in Table A2. Zoo and internet video is not a random sample of birds. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The bird clause refutes. Table A1 has 592 species rows, and 167 are marked for a full upper-lid blink, across Caprimulgiformes, Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Passeriformes, Piciformes, Podargiformes, Psittaciformes, Pterocliformes, and Strigiformes. The refutation floor is 3. Another 105 rows are marked for a partial upper-lid blink. The paper's summary Table 1 says 166 species with an upper-lid blink out of 524 in which a blink was seen; the appendix row count used here is 167 full-upper-lid marks out of 592 species rows. Either count is above the floor. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The quadruped clause supports on the crocodilian rows only. Table A2 lists 15 crocodilian species. Thirteen are marked in a column that names the lower lid, and the table has no upper-lid column. Paleosuchus trigonatus and Crocodylus mindorensis are marked only for a nictitating-membrane blink, so they are not in the thirteen. The pass floor is 8. Lizards and tortoises do not appear in the table, so this support does not cover those groups. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The same crocodilian section says that in no case was there upper-lid blinking, and that in some cases the upper lid sank a little as the globe retracted. That sentence names an upper lid. It does not name three species in which the upper lid closes the eye, so it does not meet the refutation floor, and it also means the films do not show that crocodilians lack an upper eyelid. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation At least 8 lizard, tortoise, or crocodilian species and at least 8 bird species with an explicit closing-lid sentence, and every such sentence names the lower lid. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion A clause refutes if at least 3 species in that group have a sentence that says the upper eyelid is present and moves, or that the upper lid closes the eye, or that the eye is closed by a spectacle or by no eyelid at all. One or two such species is underpowered. If one clause refutes and the other supports, the verdict is mixed and the clauses are named. If neither group has 3 species with an eyelid sentence, the verdict is inconclusive with reason not-operationalizable: naming an eye, an orbit, or a bone is not a statement about which lid moves. Zero search hits are not evidence that an upper eyelid is absent. If no admissible table states the character for any species, the verdict is inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.74 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict mixed https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds, records that state how the eye is closed say that oviparous quadrupeds and birds lack a moving upper eyelid and close the eye with the lower lid. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Count species, not specimens. Apply the floors separately to oviparous quadrupeds and to birds. A record that does not say which lid moves does not enter either count. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion The quadruped clause supports only if at least 8 species of lizards, tortoises, or crocodilians have a metadata or table sentence that says which lid closes the eye, and every one of those species says the lower lid closes it and none says a moving upper eyelid does. The bird clause supports on the same rule for at least 8 bird species. Overall supports only if both clauses support. A species with no eyelid sentence is not counted. Snakes are not quadrupeds and are not in the denominator. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-pa04-24 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description whether specimen metadata states which eyelid closes the eye https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license unresolved. The search responses contain no license field. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: MorphoSource media and physical-object search for eyelid terms https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/media?q=brille&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/media?q=eyelid&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/media?q=lower+eyelid&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/media?q=nictitating&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/media?q=palpebra&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/media?q=spectacle&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/media?q=upper+eyelid&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/physical-objects?q=brille&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/physical-objects?q=eyelid&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/physical-objects?q=lower+eyelid&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/physical-objects?q=nictitating&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/physical-objects?q=palpebra&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/physical-objects?q=spectacle&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.morphosource.org/api/physical-objects?q=upper+eyelid&search_field=all_fields&page=1&per_page=1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://www.morphosource.org/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:1801268ca077c6b2e23ff494f3e5953f89c6cf7016ef18a0ef0e29ef9bd525bc https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:29bf3be72a44ad3c2b95c59db35ab9252c270ea6d4a8a6514c76609e8c0a1b8a https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description species rows for upper-lid blinks in birds and lower-lid marks in crocodilians https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license CC BY 4.0. The fetched JATS record gives license_ref https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Morris and Parsons 2023 appendix tables of blink type, carried in the JATS XML https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pmc&id=10705787&rettype=xml&retmode=xml https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/23/3656 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:6d6da02a70403a91073f674dcbd90b791608ac83307aec9aac3132654d4f6f71 https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/provenance https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#SoftwareAgent https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label delphisci claim tester (grok-4.7; cursor/aristotle-anatomy-b-3f24) https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#actedOnBehalfOf https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/usesModel https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 http://purl.org/dc/terms/identifier grok-4.7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/LanguageModel https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-pa04-24/result.json https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasGeneratedBy https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/test https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/plan http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#hadPlan https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/README.md https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Activity https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#qualifiedAssociation https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/plan https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAssociatedWith https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA http://purl.org/dc/terms/created 2026-11-08T16:24:31.800Z https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192 https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasNanopubType https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-pa04-24: mixed, confidence 0.74 https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/domain https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/domain/aristotle-biology https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm RSA https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAyFHtPB6p0mCjDozxlOY9CmO3nBm7Te3jFbXyLmM+G1tGe47Da0jYIbhkl9Oo1ZjxmCa3LCwlEqK8gj6hEIcL4ahW30JXh9HycfKVk1bugkzMEV15tJdTzAU3sGMFnbNsn43xY2LFLy45tApkRm5byEiM7oRRrooIdwoQKnP4Wzq/bfAoJ9qvW+MGkelyOTd1jbSt+KfmT7xKmDfWzAHddUlWwMX2QJOLxDaffOteTop6ZRgPiNmPJKA/S62Gac9XtSYT3oDkZ6/nr5cxxNLpOyxTf5FPISiCe11xYO/unYjY+mwnOfA8yhJIyx1l0O9I0vpOpn+E5TvyHJV+oSTrvwIDAQAB https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature X3cTW4BqHpVskb/TMHVSChOlF+vDjOvICGKSsm6TmBHXd2F0X8HQyYsgCoAelljr1WJQle9ea8N0EL3rzo3w8vsx9WeOCw/JDvL5Pvg81kKDzPP2IrpzSzfscyJT8VMhsD0FRarLTzbQsTUNfCv5UsJcyVttCfw/APGSjjuAc2XhrvByucnTyJmw04+PkTz3x9O0TpjOI4Emx1XpaBDd1HzrqsbjuTDuZCdhBKDB7LuEOR5EqlAAEcd8+XErxs6zmFA7GYSZcf5JKEErvbrArb/fADIQkiWiRQWiA0YhSBbe9INnpnhp+qHoQo9ScmmlWuI6StpqfJo9gmM8xQc1DA== https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA https://w3id.org/np/RAfEHB8c5ob8hdFShrekVebo96D2TSHJzfn0061Nde7nA/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192