https://w3id.org/np/RAceayPhFe4en7W-QzFuKxcdx3gQyT6M3i0Re0I0o6WWM/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAceayPhFe4en7W-QzFuKxcdx3gQyT6M3i0Re0I0o6WWM http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAceayPhFe4en7W-QzFuKxcdx3gQyT6M3i0Re0I0o6WWM/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAceayPhFe4en7W-QzFuKxcdx3gQyT6M3i0Re0I0o6WWM http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAceayPhFe4en7W-QzFuKxcdx3gQyT6M3i0Re0I0o6WWM/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAceayPhFe4en7W-QzFuKxcdx3gQyT6M3i0Re0I0o6WWM http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAceayPhFe4en7W-QzFuKxcdx3gQyT6M3i0Re0I0o6WWM/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAceayPhFe4en7W-QzFuKxcdx3gQyT6M3i0Re0I0o6WWM http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAceayPhFe4en7W-QzFuKxcdx3gQyT6M3i0Re0I0o6WWM/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Downloaded shark_modepruned_D.csv and matched binomials to FishBase. A shark counts as hatching a retained egg only when its sole mode is Yolk-only_viviparity. AnAge rows for Homo sapiens and Equus caballus were read for a positive gestation value, class Mammalia, and an order other than Monotremata. Mode-file headers: species, mode. AnAge gestation column: Gestation/Incubation (days). https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 197 shark species coded yolk-only viviparity (n = 197). Interpretation: The quote contrasts animals that hatch eggs in their own interior, 'as creatures of the shark kind', with animals that engender a live foetus, 'as man and the horse'. Yolk-only viviparity is the mode in which a yolked egg is retained and the young is born live. Placental viviparity, oophagy, and uterine milk are live birth with extra maternal feeding, so they are not counted as the egg-hatching side. Egg-laying is birth of an egg, not internal hatching. The mammal side is a recorded gestation in a therian, which is the table's distinction from an incubated egg. The test does not measure a placenta histologically. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ha01-10: supports, confidence 0.72 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha01-10/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A public species-level reproductive-mode table for chondrichthyans that separates yolk-only live-bearing from egg-laying and from placental live-bearing, plus a public life-history table that records gestation for Homo sapiens and Equus caballus. FishBase is used only to tell sharks from rays. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation No shark in the table is coded as retaining a yolk-only egg through a live birth, or the human or the horse is coded as an egg-laying mammal. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A web-search snippet of a Sharkipedia reproductive-mode page showed both oviparous and viviparous labels for individual elasmobranchs. That snippet is not the dataset and was not counted. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst After the run, 197 non-batoid sharks have yolk-only viviparity as their only mode. Egg-laying, oophagy, uterine milk, and placental viviparity are in the same file and are not counted as the internal-egg example, because the claim says some sharks. The human and horse figures are AnAge species entries for gestation length and order, not a measurement of foetal membranes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst AnAge's column is labelled gestation/incubation in one field. Order Monotremata is the pre-registered egg-laying mammal exclusion. A gestation number is not a measurement of foetal membranes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The Dryad file description, not the data file, was read before registration. It names the mode labels Egg-laying, Live-bearing_with_oophagy, Live-bearing_with_uterine_milk, Placental_viviparity, and Yolk-only_viviparity. No species row and no count of modes was read. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation At least ten non-batoid sharks are coded yolk-only viviparity, and the human and the horse each have a recorded gestation and are therian mammals. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. Refutes if no matched shark species is Yolk-only_viviparity, or if Homo sapiens or Equus caballus is present as a monotreme or has no gestation value while an incubation-only coding is present. Mixed if the count of yolk-only sharks is from 1 to 9 and both mammals meet the gestation rule. Inconclusive with reason data-unavailable if the Dryad mode file or the AnAge file cannot be retrieved, or if the mode column does not contain the named category labels. Unmatched binomials are excluded from the shark count, not treated as non-sharks that fail the claim. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.72 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test--dataset-3 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict supports https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds, some sharks retain yolked eggs that develop inside the mother and are born live, while the human and the horse carry a foetus rather than laying an egg. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Count of matched shark species with mode Yolk-only_viviparity, threshold 10, conjoined with presence of a gestation value for the two named therian mammals. Egg-laying, oophagy, uterine-milk, and placental modes are not counted as internal egg-hatching. They are reported and do not by themselves refute the claim, because the claim says some sharks, not all. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered (supports). Primary shark table: Hughes and Blackburn's Dryad file shark_modepruned_D.csv (doi:10.5061/dryad.80gb5mm12), column mode, categories as named in that deposit's file description. A species counts as hatching eggs internally only when mode is exactly Yolk-only_viviparity. Sharks are binomials that match a FishBase v25.04 species in class Elasmobranchii whose order is not batoid, using the same batoid order rule as aristotle-ha05-03. Supports only if at least 10 matched shark species are Yolk-only_viviparity, and AnAge (genomics.senescence.info species dataset.zip) has a non-null Gestation/Incubation value for Homo sapiens and for Equus caballus, both in class Mammalia and neither in order Monotremata. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-ha01-10 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description yolk-only viviparity versus other reproductive modes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license CC0 1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Hughes and Blackburn 2025 shark_modepruned_D.csv, Katona et al. 2023 modes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://datadryad.org/downloads/file_stream/3901770 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://datadryad.org/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.80gb5mm12 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:bb32d5be6070379d3e44db08d58eb1d6f30a64a4ed7a7b89c4afe26b65d8a872 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description gestation days for Homo sapiens and Equus caballus https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha01-10--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license AnAge is free to use with citation; 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