https://w3id.org/np/RAc084xzJD3t43LRlff2SLgUr3YXl0WSk120ffpaDCiQk/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAc084xzJD3t43LRlff2SLgUr3YXl0WSk120ffpaDCiQk http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAc084xzJD3t43LRlff2SLgUr3YXl0WSk120ffpaDCiQk/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAc084xzJD3t43LRlff2SLgUr3YXl0WSk120ffpaDCiQk http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAc084xzJD3t43LRlff2SLgUr3YXl0WSk120ffpaDCiQk/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAc084xzJD3t43LRlff2SLgUr3YXl0WSk120ffpaDCiQk http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAc084xzJD3t43LRlff2SLgUr3YXl0WSk120ffpaDCiQk/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAc084xzJD3t43LRlff2SLgUr3YXl0WSk120ffpaDCiQk http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAc084xzJD3t43LRlff2SLgUr3YXl0WSk120ffpaDCiQk/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Downloaded Tree of Sex vert.data-may19.csv from Dryad 10.5061/dryad.v1908 and kept the 705 rows whose higher taxonomic group is Fish (298 genera), all of which have a sexual-system code. A genus lacks separate males when at least one species note says simultaneous hermaphrodite and does not offer that as an alternative ('or'), or when the sexual system is apomictic or the note says gynogenetic or unisexual. Protogynous, protandrous, bidirectional and rudimentary notes do not count. WoRMS AphiaRecordsByName and NCBI Taxonomy were fetched for the exact strings Erythrinus and Channa; a hit counts as Aristotle's fish only if the payload mentions Aristotle. Neither does. K is 16 genera against a denominator of 298, which meets the pre-registered refute rule K >= 3 and N >= 50. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 16 fish genera coded as lacking separate males (explicit simultaneous hermaphrodite or unisexual) (n = 298, exact counts on the Tree of Sex vertebrate file; the file is not a complete fish fauna). Interpretation: Aristotle's 'milt' is the male gonad and his 'uterus' is the female gonad, not a mammalian uterus. 'Some individuals have milt and others a uterus' is gonochorism, or sequential hermaphroditism in which different individuals are male and female at a time. 'No separate males' is simultaneous hermaphroditism or an all-female species. A kind is a genus. The claim file's suggestion that erythrinus and channa are serranids is not used as an identification; only a fetched source can resolve the names, and an unresolved name stays unresolved. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ga03-14: refutes, confidence 0.86 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ga03-14/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A public species-level table of fish sexual systems with an explicit code that separates gonochorism, sequential hermaphroditism, simultaneous hermaphroditism and unisexuality, plus a taxonomic record that either links erythrinus and channa to Aristotle or leaves them unresolved. String-homonym matches are not identifications. The table must be independent of Aristotle's text. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation Three or more fish genera are coded as simultaneous hermaphrodites or as all-female, or the resolved names are gonochoristic. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Aristotle's erythrinus and channa are unresolved. WoRMS and NCBI match the strings to freshwater genera (Erythrinus, Characiformes, AphiaID 269109, taxid 754153; Channa, Anabantiformes, AphiaID 268714, taxid 33789) and neither record mentions Aristotle, so those hits are homonyms, not identifications. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst FishBase was not opened. The pre-registered primary table resolved, so the FishBase fallback did not run. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The genus Erythrinus inside Tree of Sex is gonochorous, and Pagellus erythrinus is a protogynous species epithet. Neither row links the name to Aristotle. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Tree of Sex scores 705 fish species in 298 genera, not every fish. Sixteen scored genera are enough to refute a claim that only two kinds lack separate males. The fraction 16/298 is not a rate for all fishes; the database over-represents unusual sexual systems. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Two hundred and ninety-one hermaphrodite rows are protogynous, protandrous, bidirectional, rudimentary, or ambiguous ('simultaneous or protogynous') and were not counted, because those animals still have separate male and female individuals or the code does not say. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation At most two fish genera are coded as lacking separate male and female individuals, and those genera are the fetched identifications of erythrinus and channa. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Refutes if N >= 50 and K >= 3 (more than two kinds lack separate males), whether or not the two names resolve. Mixed if N >= 50 and K <= 2 but the names are unresolved, or they resolve to taxa that are not those K genera, or a resolved taxon is coded as gonochoristic. Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if no table distinguishes gonochorism from simultaneous hermaphroditism or unisexuality. Inconclusive, reason underpowered, if 0 < N < 50. Inconclusive, reason not-operationalizable, if K <= 2 but one or more genera are coded only as undifferentiated hermaphrodite, so K could cross 2 once simultaneous and sequential codes are separated. The denominator N and the fraction K/N are reported either way. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.86 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-3 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds, then among fishes with a recorded sexual system, at most two genera lack separate male and female individuals, and those genera are the modern taxa that a fetched source identifies as Aristotle's erythrinus and channa. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Count genera, not species, so one hermaphroditic genus is one kind. K is the count of genera with an explicit simultaneous-hermaphrodite or unisexual species. N is the count of genera with any sexual-system code. Support requires K <= 2, N >= 50 and both names resolved onto those genera. K >= 3 refutes. Undifferentiated hermaphrodite codes are reported and block a support verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Primary table: a public species-level sexual-system table for fishes (Tree of Sex Dryad deposit 10.5061/dryad.v1908 if it resolves to such a table; otherwise a FishBase v24.07 table that has an explicit sexual-system or hermaphroditism field). Let N be the number of genera with at least one species coded for sexual system, and K the number of those genera that contain at least one species coded explicitly as simultaneous hermaphrodite or as unisexual/all-female (no separate male class). Sequential hermaphrodites have separate male and female individuals at a given time and do not increment K. An undifferentiated code 'hermaphrodite' does not increment K. Supports only if N >= 50 and K <= 2 and both classical names resolve and every scored species of the resolved taxa is coded as lacking separate males and those genera are among the K genera. Name resolution: a fetched WoRMS, NCBI Taxonomy, FishBase, or table record counts only when it links the name erythrinus or channa to Aristotle or to the fish he describes. A modern genus that merely matches the string (including Erythrinus and Channa as currently used) is recorded as a homonym and is not a resolution. If the names stay unresolved, the test cannot support. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-ga03-14 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description species-level sexual system and notes for fishes; denominator and exception genera https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license CC0-1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Tree of Sex vertebrate sexual-system table (vert.data-may19.csv) https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://datadryad.org/downloads/file_stream/87260 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://datadryad.org/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.v1908 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:b7dc3ba79bd5cd07f38cc4ed1c98c02e213691d69bff4d946b6a91b09cb551c1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description title, version, CC0 license, and the citing paper DOI 10.1038/sdata.2014.15 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license CC0-1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: DataCite record for Tree of Sex https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://api.datacite.org/dois/10.5061/dryad.v1908 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://api.datacite.org/dois/10.5061/dryad.v1908 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:e4806c470bf50ef24f5988e7fa62bbe0a58e56f70bad8e8c32a07bed13b44aed https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-3 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description exact-name records; neither JSON mentions Aristotle, so both names stay unresolved https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-3 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license not stated in the fetched JSON https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: WoRMS AphiaRecordsByName for Erythrinus and Channa https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.marinespecies.org/rest/AphiaRecordsByName/Channa?like=false&marine_only=false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.marinespecies.org/rest/AphiaRecordsByName/Erythrinus?like=false&marine_only=false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://www.marinespecies.org/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-3 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:9c1bd07cf84951ad628c195f3b750c59649a2775e20aab30724607e249914f21 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-3 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:cf8b610dbdab3cad4426d3c8bc4198da2f6166a8a9b40ccde3d43c9616cd12a3 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description exact scientific-name matches; neither record mentions Aristotle, so both names stay unresolved https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license not stated in the fetched records https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: NCBI Taxonomy esearch and efetch for Erythrinus and Channa https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=taxonomy&id=33789&retmode=xml https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=taxonomy&id=754153&retmode=xml https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi?db=taxonomy&term=Channa%5Bscientific%20name%5D&retmode=json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi?db=taxonomy&term=Erythrinus%5Bscientific%20name%5D&retmode=json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:063b39f4d81c00c81940de578b862bb70ee776bdccde4ed2a1c99061978ce188 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:479cff50def0be7352faccb88ee84f46d5a09d10e5c47ffd6331963acd70fe1b https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:7f77b57db666ce251423cf8747651f879705fd895c9f17527f20343b07221a67 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga03-14--claim-test--dataset-4 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:ac254036a6cd3ea3606705a7023ad302b1f4e5ec393e4a85878ad232313f7cf4 https://w3id.org/np/RAc084xzJD3t43LRlff2SLgUr3YXl0WSk120ffpaDCiQk/provenance https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#SoftwareAgent https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label delphisci claim tester (Grok 4.7; 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