https://w3id.org/np/RAbA56nlLjL4aBEipm2hgxxYpKJi3m9K8y3BFxk2XY45U/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAbA56nlLjL4aBEipm2hgxxYpKJi3m9K8y3BFxk2XY45U http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAbA56nlLjL4aBEipm2hgxxYpKJi3m9K8y3BFxk2XY45U/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAbA56nlLjL4aBEipm2hgxxYpKJi3m9K8y3BFxk2XY45U http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAbA56nlLjL4aBEipm2hgxxYpKJi3m9K8y3BFxk2XY45U/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAbA56nlLjL4aBEipm2hgxxYpKJi3m9K8y3BFxk2XY45U http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAbA56nlLjL4aBEipm2hgxxYpKJi3m9K8y3BFxk2XY45U/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAbA56nlLjL4aBEipm2hgxxYpKJi3m9K8y3BFxk2XY45U http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAbA56nlLjL4aBEipm2hgxxYpKJi3m9K8y3BFxk2XY45U/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Queried EBI BioSamples and NCBI BioSample for the 17 pre-registered organisms, keeping a sample only when a tissue, organism-part or isolation-source attribute matched testis, testes, testicle or testicles under the 60-character rule. Also paged 10 EBI result pages for organism part = testis. Lineages came from NCBI Taxonomy. One qualifying fish, snake or axolotl species refutes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 16 species with a testis-labelled BioSample (n = 17). Interpretation: The claim's own measurable quantity is presence or absence of testes in male fishes and snakes. Testis is read as the male gonad, which is what modern sample registries label, not as an external scrotum. Aristotle's word can mean the scrotal organ; that narrower reading is not what this test measures and is stated as a limit, not as a second verdict. Ambystoma mexicanum stands in for the clause about gill-bearing animals other than fishes. Cetaceans, which the claim excepts, are not queried. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ha03-01: refutes, confidence 0.74 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha03-01/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets Public sample registries that state the anatomical source of a biological sample and the organism, with a taxonomy lineage that can be checked. Species accounts that merely use the word in a narrative are not counted. The pre-registered organism panel is Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes, Takifugu rubripes, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Oreochromis niloticus, Salmo salar, Gadus morhua, Sparus aurata, Scyliorhinus canicula, Raja clavata, Python bivittatus, Thamnophis sirtalis, Pantherophis guttatus, Vipera berus, Naja naja, Crotalus viridis and Ambystoma mexicanum, plus up to 10 pages of an open EBI organism-part=testis search. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation One or more BioSamples whose structured tissue attribute is testis or testes, from a species in Actinopterygii, Chondrichthyes, Serpentes, or from Ambystoma mexicanum. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A testis cell line counts, because the culture was taken from that organ. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Aristotle's testicles can be read as external scrotal organs. This test uses the claim file's quantity, testes, which is the male gonad named in the sample registries. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst BioSamples record that a tissue was sampled. They do not survey species in which nobody looked for a testis, so a miss cannot support the claim. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The open page cap can miss species that are not on the panel. Species that were found are still counterexamples. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation No BioSample from a fish, from Ambystoma mexicanum, or from a snake carries a testis or testes tissue label. That observation would still not confirm the claim, because the databases do not record absence. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. Refute if at least one species whose NCBI lineage contains Actinopterygii or Chondrichthyes, or at least one species whose lineage contains Serpentes, or Ambystoma mexicanum, has at least one BioSample whose tissue or organism-part attribute value matches testis, testes, testicle or testicles. The value rule: the attribute name matches organism part, tissue or isolation source; the value contains that word, is at most 60 characters, and does not contain no, not, without, absent or lacking. Cell lines count. Queries that fail to load are not evidence of absence. If every planned query fails, the verdict is inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. If the queries succeed and no qualifying sample is found, the verdict is inconclusive with reason other, because a missing sample is not a recorded absence. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.74 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If no fish, no other gill-bearing animal and no serpent has testes, then public BioSample records will not label testis tissue from any actinopterygian or chondrichthyan fish, from the gilled amphibian Ambystoma mexicanum, or from any snake. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod A species counts once if any retrieved sample passes the attribute rule and the lineage rule. One such species refutes the universal negative. Zero such species, after successful queries, is inconclusive rather than support. Precedence: data-unavailable if the services cannot be read; else refutes if the species count is at least 1; else inconclusive. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. This presence-only search cannot confirm the claim. A pass would require an explicit anatomical survey that scores male gonads for at least 20 fish species and at least 5 snake species and records testes as absent in every male. No such survey is in the planned datasets. Do not return supports from a negative search. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-ha03-01 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description tissue or organism-part labels on biological samples https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license sample-level licenses vary; registry metadata accessed via the public API https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Location (not a URL): https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biosamples/samples and https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/esearch.fcgi https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: EBI BioSamples https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biosamples/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:90f0b2e157f05bb46b72e458f0b5e8209c0e834dbf046bd722b2f850ab3ac86b https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description BioSample attributes for the same testis query, with NCBI taxonomy lineages https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-01--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license public domain US government work for NCBI records; 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