https://w3id.org/np/RAaMQbVJ3jnxV3IAY93nlrHG1dp0lakiUmIcvts1kIQxU/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAaMQbVJ3jnxV3IAY93nlrHG1dp0lakiUmIcvts1kIQxU http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAaMQbVJ3jnxV3IAY93nlrHG1dp0lakiUmIcvts1kIQxU/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAaMQbVJ3jnxV3IAY93nlrHG1dp0lakiUmIcvts1kIQxU http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAaMQbVJ3jnxV3IAY93nlrHG1dp0lakiUmIcvts1kIQxU/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAaMQbVJ3jnxV3IAY93nlrHG1dp0lakiUmIcvts1kIQxU http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAaMQbVJ3jnxV3IAY93nlrHG1dp0lakiUmIcvts1kIQxU/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAaMQbVJ3jnxV3IAY93nlrHG1dp0lakiUmIcvts1kIQxU http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAaMQbVJ3jnxV3IAY93nlrHG1dp0lakiUmIcvts1kIQxU/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Read PanTHERIA column 2-1_AgeatEyeOpening_d. Kept MSW05 order Carnivora, dropped Otariidae, Phocidae and Odobenidae, and treated -999 as missing. 99 of 103 species with a value open their eyes after day 0. The five named exemplars were scored with the same cut. Hoofed orders were counted only as a description. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 0.9611650485436893 fraction of terrestrial carnivores with age at eye opening greater than 0 days (n = 103). Interpretation: Polydactylous quadrupeds are read as terrestrial many-toed carnivores, the animals named in the claim, not as a modern polydactyly mutation and not as pinnipeds. Pinnipeds are in Carnivora in the Wilson and Reeder 2005 order used by PanTHERIA but are not quadrupeds in Aristotle's walking sense, so those three families are excluded. Age at eye opening greater than 0 is the measurable stand-in for eyelids that separate only after birth. It does not by itself measure whether the young are blind in the sense of lacking eyes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ga02-24: supports, confidence 0.78 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ga02-24/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets PanTHERIA 1.0 WR05, the file PanTHERIA_1-0_WR05_Aug2008.txt from the Ecological Archives data paper or, if that file is not retrievable, the same table from the figshare archive of Ecological Archives E090-184. The eye-opening column is the published variable 2-1, age at which both eyes are fully open after birth, in days. Missing values are the published code -999. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation Fewer than 70 percent of those carnivores open their eyes after birth, or at least two of the named exemplars are scored as eyes fully open at birth. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A value of 0 is read as eyes fully open at birth, from the variable definition that the age is when both eyes are fully open after birth. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Many carnivores have no eye-opening value. The fraction is among species with a value, not among all carnivores. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst PanTHERIA compiles published life-history reports. It is not a new measurement of eyelids on the day of birth. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Pinnipeds were excluded before the fraction was computed. Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla do not affect the verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Species with a value of 0 days: Crocuta crocuta, Enhydra lutris, Fossa fossana, Mungotictis decemlineata. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The domestic dog is included only when a familiaris binomial is present. Canis lupus is the wolf, not a substitute for the dog. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation At least 90 percent of terrestrial carnivores with an age at eye opening, and every named exemplar with a value, open their eyes after the day of birth. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. Refute if fewer than 70 percent of terrestrial carnivores with a value have a value greater than 0, or if two or more named exemplars with a value have a value of 0. If the sample has at least 15 species and at least 3 exemplars and neither the pass nor the fail rule holds, the verdict is mixed. If fewer than 15 species have a value, or fewer than 3 exemplars have a value, the verdict is inconclusive with reason underpowered. If the PanTHERIA file cannot be retrieved, the verdict is inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. Precedence: data-unavailable, then underpowered, then refutes, then supports, then mixed. Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla may be summarised in the output and do not enter the verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.78 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict supports https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If every many-toed carnivore bears its young with the eyelids still shut, then PanTHERIA age at eye opening is greater than zero days for terrestrial carnivores, including the dog, lion, wolf, fox and jackal where those species are present. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Restrict to order Carnivora and drop the three pinniped families. Compute the fraction of non-missing values that are greater than 0, and apply the same cut to the five named exemplars. Thresholds are 90 percent to support, 70 percent to refute, minimum 15 species and 3 exemplars. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga02-24--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. Among MSW05 Carnivora excluding the pinniped families Otariidae, Phocidae and Odobenidae, using 2-1_AgeatEyeOpening_d and treating -999 and blank as missing, support if at least 90 percent of species with a numeric value have a value greater than 0, every named exemplar that has a value has a value greater than 0, at least 15 species have a value, and at least 3 of the 5 exemplars have a value. A value of 0 means both eyes are fully open at birth. A value greater than 0 means the eyes open after birth, which is the reading of eyelids not separating until after birth. 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