https://w3id.org/np/RAZdtbk0RNCqhUwfuyb0Er73Ch8xklEiw4KA_MJOblSb4/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAZdtbk0RNCqhUwfuyb0Er73Ch8xklEiw4KA_MJOblSb4 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAZdtbk0RNCqhUwfuyb0Er73Ch8xklEiw4KA_MJOblSb4/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAZdtbk0RNCqhUwfuyb0Er73Ch8xklEiw4KA_MJOblSb4 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAZdtbk0RNCqhUwfuyb0Er73Ch8xklEiw4KA_MJOblSb4/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAZdtbk0RNCqhUwfuyb0Er73Ch8xklEiw4KA_MJOblSb4 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAZdtbk0RNCqhUwfuyb0Er73Ch8xklEiw4KA_MJOblSb4/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAZdtbk0RNCqhUwfuyb0Er73Ch8xklEiw4KA_MJOblSb4 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAZdtbk0RNCqhUwfuyb0Er73Ch8xklEiw4KA_MJOblSb4/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Downloaded the BIRDBASE workbook, checked MD5 and byte size, and read the Data sheet. A species entered the web-footed set when any of the four family columns matched the pre-registered list. It uses a habitat when that habitat column is a positive rank. An exception has at least one habitat rank and none of RV, C, W, or SE. The share whose rank-1 habitat is a water code is descriptive and does not set the verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 0.0050933786078098476 share of web-footed species with no wetland, river, coast, or open-sea habitat (n = 589). Interpretation: Web-footed is read as fully webbed swimming feet (palmate, totipalmate, or lobate), which is the structure Aristotle contrasts with birds that do not resort to water. Near the sea, rivers, or pools is read as any recorded use of coastal, pelagic, riverine, or wetland habitat, not as a distance-to-water measurement, which this table does not contain. Families in which only some species are fully webbed are left out so that a terrestrial stilt cannot be counted as web-footed, and a webbed avocet cannot be counted as a counterexample, on the back of a family label. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ha09-11: mixed, confidence 0.65 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha09-11/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A species-level, openly licensed bird-trait table that records habitat with a published code list, joined to family names. Foot webbing is not a column in this table; the family list above is the morphological coding and was fixed before habitat values were read. AVONET was not used because it has no foot-webbing field. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation At least five percent of those species have a recorded habitat list containing none of those four water codes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A positive rank means the compilers recorded that habitat, not that a GPS fix fell within a set distance of water. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Habitat codes come from the data dictionary in Şekercioğlu et al., Scientific Data (2025), doi:10.1038/s41597-025-05615-3, which was read as a code list and not as species rows. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Semipalmate families and Anhimidae and Anseranatidae stay outside the set, as registered, so they cannot create exceptions. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The family list is a morphological coding, not a measurement from this workbook. It can mis-assign a species if a taxonomy uses an unfamiliar family name; unmatched web-footed species would then be omitted rather than counted as exceptions. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Every species in the pre-registered palmate, totipalmate, and lobate families that has a habitat code uses wetland, river, coast, or open sea as at least one of its habitats. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. The claim is refuted if that species count is at least 200 and the exception rate is at least 0.05. The verdict is 'mixed' if the count is at least 200 and the exception rate is greater than 0 and below 0.05: the association would then hold for most species, and the words without exception would not. The verdict is 'inconclusive' with reason 'underpowered' if fewer than 200 web-footed species have a habitat code, with reason 'data-unavailable' if the workbook fails its checksum or no habitat column and no family column can be identified, and with reason 'other' if the family column exists but matches none of the pre-registered names. Semipalmate families (including Charadriidae, Scolopacidae, and Recurvirostridae) and the weakly webbed Anhimidae and Anseranatidae are not in the set; they are not counted either as support or as exceptions. Primary habitat is reported and is not the verdict: the sentence says live near water, not that water is the only habitat. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.65 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict mixed https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If every web-footed bird lives near the sea, a river, or a pool, then every species in the pre-registered fully web-footed families has at least one recorded habitat among wetland, riverine, coastal, and open sea. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Exception rate: web-footed species whose habitat codes miss {W, RV, C, SE}, divided by web-footed species with at least one habitat code. Thresholds 0 and 0.05, with a minimum of 200 species. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha09-11--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. Web-footed families, fixed before any habitat value is read, are the families whose feet are palmate, totipalmate, or lobate in standard avian anatomy: Anatidae, Podicipedidae, Gaviidae, Spheniscidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Oceanitidae, Pelecanoididae, Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Phaethontidae, Phoenicopteridae, Laridae, Stercorariidae, Alcidae. A species is in the set if any family field equals one of these names, case-insensitive, or begins with that name followed by a space or parenthesis. Water habitats are the BIRDBASE codes W (wetland), RV (riverine/riparian), C (coastal), and SE (open sea or pelagic), as defined in the data paper's habitat dictionary. A species with at least one recognized habitat code (F, BM, WD, SH, SV, G, PL, R, D, A, RV, C, W, SE, O) is an exception if none of its habitat codes is in {W, RV, C, SE}. 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