https://w3id.org/np/RAY1qilnNFatjSIrStAoLWHH-FbyIdCqRRMdePA4rM5Pc/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAY1qilnNFatjSIrStAoLWHH-FbyIdCqRRMdePA4rM5Pc http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAY1qilnNFatjSIrStAoLWHH-FbyIdCqRRMdePA4rM5Pc/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAY1qilnNFatjSIrStAoLWHH-FbyIdCqRRMdePA4rM5Pc http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAY1qilnNFatjSIrStAoLWHH-FbyIdCqRRMdePA4rM5Pc/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAY1qilnNFatjSIrStAoLWHH-FbyIdCqRRMdePA4rM5Pc http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAY1qilnNFatjSIrStAoLWHH-FbyIdCqRRMdePA4rM5Pc/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAY1qilnNFatjSIrStAoLWHH-FbyIdCqRRMdePA4rM5Pc http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAY1qilnNFatjSIrStAoLWHH-FbyIdCqRRMdePA4rM5Pc/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description AnAge families in class Mammalia, excluding order Monotremata, are the denominator (139 families). Sentences in PMC7253787 that contain menstruat or menses were pooled. A family is positive if that pool contains the family name, the order name, or an AnAge binomial from the family. The word primates marks every AnAge primate family. f = 19/139 = 0.1367. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 0.1367 fraction of non-monotreme AnAge mammal families named in a menstruation sentence (n = 139, 19 families positive). Interpretation: The sentence covers animals that are viviparous without first producing an egg, which Aristotle identifies with humans and viviparous quadrupeds, and it sets the mule aside as a defective sterile hybrid. Monotremes lay eggs, so they are outside the set. Marsupials and placentals are inside it. The claim says they have the catamenia, meaning an overt menstrual discharge, not merely an oestrous cycle. The denominator is families, because the claim is universal over those animals and a review's short list of species is not itself a denominator. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ga01-29: refutes, confidence 0.8 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ga01-29/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets AnAge for the family list, and one checksummed review that states which mammals menstruate. A sentence about oestrus that does not say menstruation does not count. The mule is not a row. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation Fewer than half of those families are named in such a sentence. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A family absent from these sentences is not a histological demonstration that it never menstruates. The paper is a review of species in which menstruation has been described. That is enough to refuse a claim that the discharge is general across viviparous mammals, and it is not a survey of every family. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Crediting every primate family, including lemurs, is what the order-name rule does, and it raises f. The fraction is still far below one half. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Monotremes were excluded because they lay eggs. Marsupials remain in the denominator and none of their families was named in a menstruation sentence. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Nineteen of 139 non-monotreme mammal families are positive, f = 0.1367, below the pre-registered refute line of 0.50. Sixteen of the nineteen are primate families marked because the word primates occurs in a menstruation sentence, not because each family was named. Muridae is marked by Acomys cahirinus, Phyllostomidae by Carollia perspicillata, and Pteropodidae by Rousettus leschenaultii. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Overt menstruation is the quantity. Oestrous cycles are not counted. The mule is not an AnAge family and was not added. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation At least 90 percent of AnAge mammal families other than monotremes are named, by family, order, or species, in a sentence of the paper that uses the word menstruation or menses. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Refutes if n >= 20 and f < 0.50. Mixed if n >= 20 and 0.50 <= f < 0.90. Inconclusive, reason underpowered, if n < 20. Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if AnAge or the paper cannot be fetched. A family not named in a menstruation sentence is not positive. Oestrus without the words menstruat or menses is not menstruation. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.8 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis Among mammal families that bear live young without first laying an egg, overt menstruation is the rule, aside from a sterile hybrid such as the mule. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod f = families mentioned in a menstruation sentence / non-monotreme mammal families. Pass at f >= 0.90 and n >= 20. Refute at f < 0.50. Otherwise mixed, or underpowered if n < 20. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion The denominator is families in AnAge (dataset.zip) whose class is Mammalia and whose order is not Monotremata. The mule is not a family and is not added. A family is positive only if a checksummed paper sentence that contains 'menstruat' or 'menses' also contains that family's AnAge name, its order name, or the binomial of one of its AnAge species. Let n be the number of families and f the positive fraction. 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