https://w3id.org/np/RAUbF5_9YQI8WkV0EcEvCnfNbFugEGdsqnEkStV8VQWw8/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAUbF5_9YQI8WkV0EcEvCnfNbFugEGdsqnEkStV8VQWw8 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAUbF5_9YQI8WkV0EcEvCnfNbFugEGdsqnEkStV8VQWw8/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAUbF5_9YQI8WkV0EcEvCnfNbFugEGdsqnEkStV8VQWw8 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAUbF5_9YQI8WkV0EcEvCnfNbFugEGdsqnEkStV8VQWw8/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAUbF5_9YQI8WkV0EcEvCnfNbFugEGdsqnEkStV8VQWw8 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAUbF5_9YQI8WkV0EcEvCnfNbFugEGdsqnEkStV8VQWw8/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAUbF5_9YQI8WkV0EcEvCnfNbFugEGdsqnEkStV8VQWw8 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAUbF5_9YQI8WkV0EcEvCnfNbFugEGdsqnEkStV8VQWw8/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Downloaded the open PDF of Putterill and Soley 2004, extracted the text, and coded only the RESULTS section (up to DISCUSSION) for a gross-anatomical description of a tongue versus a denial that a tongue is present. Fetched each pre-registered Animal Diversity Web account and coded sentences containing 'tongue', treating a negation as a denial only when it attaches to the word tongue. The exception clause alone refutes the claim if the crocodile has a tongue organ, because the claim says that animal has only a space. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 1 Nile crocodile coded as having a tongue organ in the oral cavity (1) or not (0) (n = 1, one published gross-anatomy paper; specimen count is the largest integer the results attach to specimens, animals, or crocodiles). Interpretation: The river crocodile is Crocodylus niloticus. Oviparous quadrupeds in the panel are tortoises and lizards Aristotle's group would include; serpents are snakes. 'A tongue inside the mouth' is coded as a lingual organ described in the oral cavity, not as a freely protrusible tongue. That is the quote's wording. It is not a test of whether the tongue can be extended, which would be a different and weaker claim. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-pa04-23: refutes, confidence 0.8 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-pa04-23/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets Open anatomical descriptions of Crocodylus niloticus that report what was seen in specimens, plus species accounts for other oviparous quadrupeds and snakes. Mobility of the tongue is not the measurement: the claim and the quote say there is no tongue inside the mouth. A tongue that is present but fixed still counts as a tongue. Sources must be fetched by the script; a page that does not mention a tongue is unscored, not a guess. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation A gross-anatomical description of a tongue organ inside the mouth of Crocodylus niloticus specimens. Descriptions of other reptiles lacking a tongue would also contradict the universal clause. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A web search used to locate an open crocodile anatomy paper displayed excerpts of that paper before this file was committed. The coding rule was taken from the claim and the quote. It was not rewritten around those excerpts. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst No Animal Diversity Web account in the panel was read before this commit. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The universal clause is only as wide as the scored panel. A pass on the panel would not show that every oviparous quadruped and snake has a tongue. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation The Nile crocodile is described as having no tongue organ in the mouth, only a space, and every scored tortoise, lizard and snake in the panel is described as having a tongue. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Refutes if the results of Putterill and Soley 2004 describe a tongue as a gross-anatomical structure in Crocodylus niloticus specimens (phrases such as 'the tongue was', 'the tongue is', 'dorsal surface of the tongue', 'tongue occupied') and do not also deny that a tongue organ is present. One such description is enough: the claim says this animal has only a space where a tongue would be. Mixed if that paper both describes a tongue organ and denies one in the results, or if the crocodile is coded tongue-absent but one or more scored non-crocodile panel species are coded tongue-absent. Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if the paper cannot be downloaded or its results do not say whether a tongue organ is present. Inconclusive does not apply when the exception clause is already coded tongue-present. Unscored ADW accounts (no sentence containing 'tongue') are not evidence either way. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.8 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds, published anatomical descriptions will say that the Nile crocodile (the river crocodile) has no tongue in the mouth, only an empty space, and that other oviparous quadrupeds and snakes do have a tongue in the mouth. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Code the crocodile paper from its results section only, and code each panel species from sentences that contain the word tongue, with negation (no, not, without, lack, lacks, lacking, absent) marking absence. Apply the conjunction rule in pass_criterion and fail_criterion. Confidence is 0.80 if the exception clause refutes on an explicit specimen description, 0.55 if the conjunction supports, 0.45 if mixed, and 0.60 if inconclusive. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Supports only if both clauses hold. Exception clause: in the results (not the historical introduction) of Putterill and Soley 2004, the Nile crocodile is described as lacking a tongue organ (a denial phrase such as 'no tongue', 'without a tongue', 'lacks a tongue', or 'only a space', and no gross-anatomical description of a tongue as a structure examined in specimens). Universal clause: at least four other species, covering at least two of {tortoise or turtle, lizard, snake}, have an Animal Diversity Web account whose text states that a tongue is present and does not deny it. At least one of those four must be a snake and one a non-crocodilian oviparous quadruped. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-pa04-23 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description gross anatomy of the tongue in Crocodylus niloticus specimens https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license open access (journal PDF retrieved without a login) https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-23--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Putterill and Soley 2004, General morphology of the oral cavity of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus. II. 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