https://w3id.org/np/RAQKpLAc8X5MItdEGndCF3hRU4yRFdpdsOKpFSOLVF-Q8/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAQKpLAc8X5MItdEGndCF3hRU4yRFdpdsOKpFSOLVF-Q8 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAQKpLAc8X5MItdEGndCF3hRU4yRFdpdsOKpFSOLVF-Q8/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAQKpLAc8X5MItdEGndCF3hRU4yRFdpdsOKpFSOLVF-Q8 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAQKpLAc8X5MItdEGndCF3hRU4yRFdpdsOKpFSOLVF-Q8/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAQKpLAc8X5MItdEGndCF3hRU4yRFdpdsOKpFSOLVF-Q8 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAQKpLAc8X5MItdEGndCF3hRU4yRFdpdsOKpFSOLVF-Q8/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAQKpLAc8X5MItdEGndCF3hRU4yRFdpdsOKpFSOLVF-Q8 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAQKpLAc8X5MItdEGndCF3hRU4yRFdpdsOKpFSOLVF-Q8/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Commons JPEG search and iDigBio media search were queried for each genus, and the MorphoSource search page was requested without logging in. Each obtained image was resized to a long side of at most 700 pixels. Otsu components that touch the image border were dropped as the surround. The largest remaining component was kept when its area was 5 to 90 percent, its box aspect was 0.4 to 4, and its solidity was 0.4 to 0.95. The external contour was traced and the coiling pole was the grid point inside the mask that minimised the variance of the tangent-radius angle on the inner half of the outer envelope, running from the near side of the pole toward the far side. Alpha is the acute angle between that tangent and the radius. Early is arc fraction 0.25 to 0.50 and late is the last quarter. The largest usable file for each genus is the one that counts. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 15.88 degrees, late spiral angle minus early spiral angle, median across usable selected shells (n = 2, one outline per genus; pole grid is 16 by 16). Interpretation: Thompson's alpha is the angle between the tangent and the radius vector of the spiral, the same angle he tabulates against the whorl-breadth ratio (large alpha, near 80 to 85 degrees, is a slowly expanding coil; alpha falling toward 0 opens the coil). An increase of alpha narrows successive whorls; a decrease opens them, as in the hooked or straightened body chambers of Scaphites, Ancyloceras and Lituites. He spells the narrowing genus Oekotraustes; the same genus is searched under the later spelling Oecotraustes. The claim is that this change of angle is what those outlines are, so the test follows alpha along one shell of each named genus. It does not test whether every ammonoid changes angle, and a dataset of normally coiled juveniles is a different question. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of thompson1917-ch11-14: mixed, confidence 0.35 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/thompson-growth-form/thompson1917-ch11-14/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets Open lateral or median-section images or vector drawings of one whole shell per genus, showing the coiled whorls and, for the uncoiling genera, the shaft or hook. Not Thompson's own figures. Not a login-walled mesh. Not an ontogenetic table limited to juvenile whorls before the morphology he describes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation The measured late angle moves the other way by the pre-registered margin in at least two of those genera. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Lituites photographs in the Commons sample are slabs or fragments; none left an interior component inside the gate. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst MorphoSource answered with a bot-check page. No account was used and no mesh was measured. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Oekotraustes and Oecotraustes returned no JPEG on Commons and no media on iDigBio. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst One shell per genus is the whole sample. A near miss of the 15 degree margin is not rounded into a match. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The 2025 juvenile whorl-expansion spreadsheet was not opened. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The largest Ancyloceras file is a display-case photograph of a worn fragment. A smaller photograph of a whole hooked shell was measured and was not selected, because the pre-registered rule keeps the largest file that passes the gate. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The size rule selects Scaphites_whitfieldi.jpg. That shell is two-toned, so the dark mask covers part of the whorl and its cast shadow rather than the whole ventral outline. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation On whole shells of the named genera, local spiral angle increases through growth in Oekotraustes and decreases toward a small angle on the opened coil of Scaphites, Ancyloceras and Lituites. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered (refutes). At least two genera are usable, and at least two of them change by the stated margin in the opposite direction (Oekotraustes/Oecotraustes decreasing by more than 10 degrees, or an uncoiling genus increasing by more than 15 degrees). If at least two genera are usable and the outcomes are split, the verdict is mixed. If fewer than two genera yield a usable outline, or every open image fails the quality gate, or the only files are behind a login, the verdict is inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. A juvenile whorl-expansion series that the source says stops before the adult hook or the narrowing body chamber is not a usable series for this claim. Outlines are not traced by hand and angles are not guessed from a photograph. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.35 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-3 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-4 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict mixed https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis Along the shell of the ammonoids Thompson names, the local spiral angle changes in the direction he states: it increases where the whorls narrow (Oekotraustes / Oecotraustes), and it decreases toward a gentle, nearly straight curve where the coil opens (Scaphites, Ancyloceras, Lituites). https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Coiling pole fitted on the inner half of the ventral outline by minimising the variance of the tangent-radius angle. Local alpha is the median tangent-radius angle on the early window and on the late window. Match and mismatch use the margins in pass_criterion and fail_criterion. Fewer than two usable genera is data-unavailable rather than a refutation. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered (supports). For each genus that yields a usable lateral or median-section outline of one whole shell, estimate the local spiral angle alpha as the median angle, in degrees, between the radius from the coiling pole and the tangent of the ventral outline. Compare alpha_early (middle of the coiled portion: arc-length fraction 0.25 to 0.50, starting at the inner whorls) with alpha_late (the last 0.25 of arc length toward the aperture). Oekotraustes/Oecotraustes matches if alpha_late > alpha_early + 10 degrees. Scaphites, Ancyloceras and Lituites each match if alpha_late < alpha_early - 15 degrees and alpha_late < 60 degrees. The claim is supported if at least two genera are usable and every usable genus matches. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/thompson1917-ch11-14 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Oekotraustes lateral shell candidates https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license per-file on Wikimedia Commons or the source repository; images are not redistributed https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Open images searched for Oekotraustes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://commons.wikimedia.org/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Scaphites lateral shell candidates https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license per-file on Wikimedia Commons or the source repository; images are not redistributed https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Open images searched for Scaphites https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://images.collections.yale.edu/iiif/2/ypm:b021f5ad-77d3-496f-a3a4-dd8b32030e27/full/full/0/default.jpg https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://images.collections.yale.edu/iiif/2/ypm:f6d82f89-ccba-4c6a-ba0e-58d58b32b4e5/full/full/0/default.jpg https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Scaphites_whitfieldi.jpg https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/SmallScaphites.jpg https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scaphites_gulosus.jpg https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://commons.wikimedia.org/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:83e0edb2827f778b8161cb60b266d4810eeaf12798769aaeee419b05145f0dfa https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:94dba1f8c9df4b651bd3dae954de43e8beb5e27464b0e9a6bc961cb855a4598e https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:a429633750ecd500a66886491ce6cb5d4fa430a0966186e45d6a9d50ed0f9c64 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:a74991d38c4418f32a271b1e5c07f72e584bf9af8f91f7aa21b7ea2cf873c248 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-3 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Ancyloceras lateral shell candidates https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/thompson1917-ch11-14--claim-test--dataset-3 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license per-file on Wikimedia Commons or the source repository; 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