https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/Head https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Fetched Carril et al. 2024 Supplementary Data 1 (species and order), Supplementary Data 3 (codebook) and Supplementary Data 4 (character matrix), and checked byte size and SHA-256. Read Ch16 for each species, mapped the codes with the pre-registered table, dropped genus Struthio, and counted toe-count failures separately from arrangement failures among the remaining four-toed species. Orders were taken from the Order column of Supplementary Data 1 after stripping a trailing ' (*)' marker from binomials in that list, so the GBIF fallback was not used. The verdict is the pre-registered rule applied to those two counts. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 16 in-scope species that fail the four-toe clause or, among four-toed species, the fixed three-forward one-back clause (n = 61). Interpretation: The quote states only that every bird, web-footed or not, has four toes on each foot. The claim sentence adds that those toes are three in front and one behind, and sets the Libyan ostrich aside. The scope line says birds excluding the ostrich, so the whole genus Struthio is excluded and other ratites stay in. 'Web-footed or not' is not a third anatomical prediction; it says the toe rule is not restricted to one foot covering. Web-footed, for the breadth check only, means the codes semipalmate, palmate and totipalmate. Lobate is lobed, not webbed. Code map for character 16, taken from the codebook labels and their standard anatomical meanings, and fixed before the species matrix is opened: anisodactyl = 4 toes, three forward and one back, not webbed; didactyl = 2 toes, arrangement fails; tridactyl = 3 toes, arrangement fails; semizygodactyl = 4 toes, digit IV reversible, arrangement fails; zygodactyl = 4 toes, two forward and two back, arrangement fails; pamprodactyl = 4 toes, all can point forward, arrangement fails; syndactyl = 4 toes, forward toes fused, arrangement still three forward and one back, not webbed; lobate = 4 toes, three forward and one back, not webbed; semipalmate = 4 toes, three forward and one back, webbed; palmate = 4 toes, three forward and one back, webbed; totipalmate = 4 toes, hallux turned forward into the web, arrangement fails, webbed; multidactyl = 4 toes, digits I and IV both rotatable, arrangement fails, not webbed. Heterodactyl, if it appears, is 4 toes with digits I and II back, arrangement fails. Ectropodactyl, if it appears, arrangement fails and toe count is left unmapped rather than guessed. Any other token is unmapped and is not counted as a failure. A vestigial or absent digit is whatever the authors coded (tridactyl or didactyl); this test does not recount bones. The matrix's mutually exclusive codes mix orientation and webbing, so a palmate bird is not also labelled anisodactyl; the map above restores that distinction. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-pa04-29: refutes, confidence 0.9 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-pa04-29/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A published, publicly retrievable coding of toe count or toe arrangement for named bird species, compiled independently of Aristotle's text, with the ostrich identifiable so it can be excluded, and with webbed feet distinguishable from unwebbed feet. A single author-coded character is admissible. Species accounts behind a login are not. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation At least one non-ostrich species coded as two-toed or three-toed, which falsifies the four-toe universal, or, if every mapped non-ostrich is four-toed, at least one whose code is an arrangement other than fixed three-forward and one-back (zygodactyl, semizygodactyl, pamprodactyl, totipalmate, multidactyl, heterodactyl or ectropodactyl). https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Foot type was scored by the paper's authors from Birds of the World and from Raikow, as one mutually exclusive state per species. A coding error in a single species can create or hide one failure. The confidence rule is stricter when only one species fails. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Sixty-two species chosen to represent major lineages can refute a universal. They cannot show that every living bird species complies. That is why a pass is capped at confidence 0.45. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Syndactyl, lobate, semipalmate and palmate are treated as compatible with three forward and one back by the definition above. If the authors used one of those labels for a bird that in fact has a different toe count, this test will miss that, because the character does not record a second state. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst While confirming that this paper's supplementary files exist and reading the character-16 codebook, the article prose was also on the page. That prose names Struthio as the only didactyl species in the study, names Dromaius and Eudromia as tridactyls that lost digit I, and names Colius as multidactyl. The species-by-character matrix (Supplementary Data 4) and the species list (Supplementary Data 1) were not opened before this registration. The decision rule was not changed after those sentences. The verdict still has to come from the matrix counts the analysis script computes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Every species in the matrix other than genus Struthio is coded with a four-toed foot whose fixed arrangement is three toes forward and one back, and the sample covers at least 30 species, 10 orders, and both web-footed and non-web-footed birds. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. Let C be the number of in-scope mapped species with toe count other than 4, and A the number with toe count 4 whose arrangement is not a fixed three forward and one back. If C is at least 1, the verdict is refutes: the four-toe clause fails, so both the quote and the claim fail, whether or not the sample meets the breadth thresholds in pass_criterion. Confidence 0.9 if those species belong to at least two genera and C is at least 2; confidence 0.7 if C is 1. If C is 0 and A is at least 1, the verdict is mixed: the quote's four-toe clause has no counterexample in the sample, but the claim's three-in-front-one-behind clause fails. One such species is enough to fail that clause. Confidence 0.8 if A is at least 2 and the breadth thresholds are met; 0.65 if A is at least 2 and they are not; 0.55 if A is 1. If C is 0 and A is 0 but the breadth thresholds are not met, or more than 10 percent of in-scope rows are unmapped, the verdict is inconclusive with reason underpowered (breadth) or other (unmapped share). If the supplementary files cannot be retrieved, character 16 cannot be identified, or species cannot be joined to a foot-type code, the verdict is inconclusive with reason data-unavailable (confidence 0.8). There is no separate supports path for the quote alone. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.9 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds, every bird except the ostrich has four toes on each foot and those toes are arranged three in front and one behind, whether or not the foot is webbed. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Map each foot-type code to a toe count and to a yes/no fixed three-forward one-back arrangement using the codebook definitions fixed in interpretation before the species matrix is opened. Exclude genus Struthio. Count in-scope failures of the toe-count clause (C) and of the arrangement clause among four-toed species (A). Apply the thresholds in pass_criterion and fail_criterion. Orders come from an order column in Supplementary Data 1 if one is present, otherwise from the GBIF species-match API (order field) queried at analysis time. No assessor score enters the verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered (claim supported). In Carril, De Mendoza, Degrange, Barbeito and Tambussi 2024 (Nature Communications 15:9888), Supplementary Data 4 character 16 (foot type) joined to the species in Supplementary Data 1, every in-scope species satisfies both clauses under the code map in interpretation: toe count is 4, and the arrangement is a fixed three toes forward and one back. Genus Struthio is out of scope. The in-scope mapped sample must also contain at least 30 species, at least 10 orders, at least one species coded web-footed (semipalmate, palmate or totipalmate) and at least one species not so coded, and at most 10 percent of in-scope rows may be unmapped. Confidence if this pass is met: 0.45, because the matrix is a lineage sample and not a census of birds. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-pa04-29 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Foot-type code (character 16) for the study's bird species, with taxonomic order from the species list. The codebook file is the source of the code labels. Original spreadsheets are re-fetched and are not committed. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Evolution of avian foot morphology through anatomical network analysis, supplementary data https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-54297-9/MediaObjects/41467_2024_54297_MOESM3_ESM.xls https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-54297-9/MediaObjects/41467_2024_54297_MOESM5_ESM.pdf https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-54297-9/MediaObjects/41467_2024_54297_MOESM6_ESM.xls https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-54297-9 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:393092fff0e23ec20bc2cbd7e92321d546e977b60df4bbfb7b5bcecaa48b1aa1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:8e48979953ee03570bf7e1db8b90b1512f601888a2ebb29be9e48e804a338ae5 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:9971f7e84135d926b10ff82eca8560a4077a5d210e6dbb41fc82ded38e286d50 https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/provenance https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#SoftwareAgent https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label delphisci claim tester (grok-4.7; cursor/aristotle-biology-claim-tests-a564) https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#actedOnBehalfOf https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/usesModel https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 http://purl.org/dc/terms/identifier grok-4.7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/LanguageModel https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-pa04-29/result.json https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/assertion http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasGeneratedBy https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/test https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/plan http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#hadPlan https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/README.md https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Activity https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#qualifiedAssociation https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/plan https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAssociatedWith https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0 http://purl.org/dc/terms/created 2026-11-08T16:24:31.801Z https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0 http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192 https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0 http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasNanopubType https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0 http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-29--claim-test https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-pa04-29: refutes, confidence 0.9 https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/domain https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/domain/aristotle-biology https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm RSA https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAyFHtPB6p0mCjDozxlOY9CmO3nBm7Te3jFbXyLmM+G1tGe47Da0jYIbhkl9Oo1ZjxmCa3LCwlEqK8gj6hEIcL4ahW30JXh9HycfKVk1bugkzMEV15tJdTzAU3sGMFnbNsn43xY2LFLy45tApkRm5byEiM7oRRrooIdwoQKnP4Wzq/bfAoJ9qvW+MGkelyOTd1jbSt+KfmT7xKmDfWzAHddUlWwMX2QJOLxDaffOteTop6ZRgPiNmPJKA/S62Gac9XtSYT3oDkZ6/nr5cxxNLpOyxTf5FPISiCe11xYO/unYjY+mwnOfA8yhJIyx1l0O9I0vpOpn+E5TvyHJV+oSTrvwIDAQAB https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature U2p8llS/3//WM735qg8VIoLbbiNXmmHO9wE0BCuOBbxQhF+fd4gusO7TlwOvo/6bVu9lQrNImbSPGuBnuqTDY+2gHpzVrFNGWDtJY+i5fizVX+RP1uTWd/IpbqQ1RJBCquUtuV9bFxoZ9iwK0Fdg4UF2zWcTa6rVZi3KSf6tXPa1V+prEcbJ5T1upO8WzzGykr18C3bXiUknDVUpw/Rgil9XvRAyG3GVcGokrcF5x/iHdn+/pC2uYhnYboaLgJy94OS0hcHoZa6s6AsvWh5QZZ5eL++kqZr6TinQoyJhVh+vmRUhaL94fuHH+sCaDHGOqMlkV7MWU0tNtnQjuNlFrg== https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0 https://w3id.org/np/RANFdXTk8AuiZsjVGEEMNk3z-9U4K8RSdUGm2-rtIeIW0/sig http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192