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Phrases that give testis volume or mass with a unit: none. Volume-unit hits: 0. Cohen's d values present: ['10.9', '11.1']. Testes described as larger: True. A significance statement or an effect size without the two seasonal means does not pass, and the ratio is not computed from Cohen's d. One species would also be underpowered for 'all birds' if the means had been printed." } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [ { "@value": "Measured: null breeding-to-non-breeding testis volume or mass ratio (n = 18, no seasonal mean in mm3 or mg was printed). Interpretation: The quote is: 'before the breeding season the organ is small in some birds and quite invisible in others, but during the season the organ in all cases is greatly enlarged.' The organ is the testis. Invisible or small before the season and greatly enlarged during it is one contrast, applied to all birds. Fivefold is the pre-registered reading of 'greatly'; twofold is the floor for 'enlarged' at all. The planned paper is one species until its tables show otherwise. One species cannot establish 'all birds'." } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Claim test of aristotle-ha03-03: inconclusive, confidence 0.8" } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso": [ { "@id": "https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha03-03/result.json" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets": [ { "@value": "A checksummed paper that prints breeding and non-breeding testis volume or mass. The planned file is the Frontiers in Zoology PDF of the black redstart study, https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12983-021-00389-x.pdf, DOI 10.1186/s12983-021-00389-x. No further paper may be added after these means are read. A single combined testis mass with no season does not count." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType": [ { "@value": "claim-test/0.1.0" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind": [ { "@value": "none" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation": [ { "@value": "Any measured species has a breeding-to-non-breeding testis ratio under 2." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst": [ { "@value": "Cohen's d is not a fold-change and is not turned into one." }, { "@value": "Figure 3 says testes were larger in the breeding season and gives sample sizes. It does not print the breeding and non-breeding means." }, { "@value": "No second paper is added after this file." }, { "@value": "The planned file is this article. No second paper is opened when the seasonal means are absent." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation": [ { "@value": "At least five bird species from at least two orders each have breeding testis size at least five times the non-breeding size." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion": [ { "@value": "Pre-registered. Refutes if any species with both means has a ratio under 2, which is not an enlargement large enough to be 'greatly', and is a counterexample to 'all'. Mixed if every measured species has a ratio of at least 2 and at least one has a ratio under 5. Inconclusive, reason underpowered, if every measured species has a ratio of at least 5 but the species count is under 5 or the order count is under 2: the universal quantifier then has no sufficient denominator. Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if the file does not contain breeding and non-breeding means for any species." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence": [ { "@value": "0.8", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-03--claim-test--dataset-1" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict": [ { "@value": "inconclusive" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis": [ { "@value": "If the claim holds, testis size in the breeding season is at least five times testis size outside it, in every bird species measured, across a real multi-order sample." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod": [ { "@value": "Species-level ratio of the two seasonal means. The universal claim needs five species and two orders to pass, and one ratio under 2 to fail. A large ratio in fewer species is underpowered, not a pass." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion": [ { "@value": "Pre-registered before the paper was downloaded. For each species, the ratio is the breeding-season mean testis volume or mass divided by the non-breeding-season mean of the same quantity. 'Greatly enlarged' means the ratio is at least 5. 'All birds' passes only if every species with both seasons has a ratio of at least 5, at least five species are measured, and those species belong to at least two orders. A significance test without the two means does not pass." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered": [ { "@value": "false", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-03--claim-test--dataset-1", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@value": "breeding and non-breeding testis size, one species until a table shows otherwise" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": [ { "@value": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Dataset: Villavicencio, Apfelbeck and others, seasonal song and territoriality in male black redstarts" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation": [ { "@id": "https://frontiersinzoology.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12983-021-00389-x.pdf" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": [ { "@id": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00389-x" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum": [ { "@value": "sha256:211e49a4057a58af6087a7e031dcb09feeef103d46b16aceea7ed9aa514ff6e3" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-ha03-03", "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-03--claim-test" } ] } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RAMvSbMGAs5SizF0TsE5EodvCnTIBHZpQjsueqOBCiLMY/pubinfo", "@graph": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RAMvSbMGAs5SizF0TsE5EodvCnTIBHZpQjsueqOBCiLMY", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/created": [ { "@value": "2026-11-08T16:24:31.754Z", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": [ { "@id": "https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": [ { "@id": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasNanopubType": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment" } ], "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-03--claim-test" } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Claim test of aristotle-ha03-03: inconclusive, confidence 0.8" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/domain": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/domain/aristotle-biology" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RAMvSbMGAs5SizF0TsE5EodvCnTIBHZpQjsueqOBCiLMY/sig", "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm": [ { "@value": "RSA" } ], "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey": [ { "@value": "MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAyFHtPB6p0mCjDozxlOY9CmO3nBm7Te3jFbXyLmM+G1tGe47Da0jYIbhkl9Oo1ZjxmCa3LCwlEqK8gj6hEIcL4ahW30JXh9HycfKVk1bugkzMEV15tJdTzAU3sGMFnbNsn43xY2LFLy45tApkRm5byEiM7oRRrooIdwoQKnP4Wzq/bfAoJ9qvW+MGkelyOTd1jbSt+KfmT7xKmDfWzAHddUlWwMX2QJOLxDaffOteTop6ZRgPiNmPJKA/S62Gac9XtSYT3oDkZ6/nr5cxxNLpOyxTf5FPISiCe11xYO/unYjY+mwnOfA8yhJIyx1l0O9I0vpOpn+E5TvyHJV+oSTrvwIDAQAB" } ], "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature": [ { "@value": "IHlAAdjgC473rJIG9PGfYlkSbNymzlCwNnX0XxAHDOJi+2l++/moU1TkA5SnmWRfCFHap75oETewRsmDyueFflT2lHo40RE2NhvqmWa3AMol2B0qRxpKch5HBxtGWXns/1hMPsn/O/26P51D2DU5MTb2meX+bbXsZYJKmUczqbhK4V9r/g0joH5C9b2EAeFG1y4J4Lih7+wmC/vX8NW1/SZ9Kw/0Ku4vLIjSoPAl7hZCDXU3Fvu2yJwQupYy7Pg+f64zFSAP03gm+AsNayF1rk8KSG/JJJ7ess+fk3/VKf2K2yDjr6VHX4venzlkV34R1INwztMvNZljhWkRRwuXXQ==" } ], "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RAMvSbMGAs5SizF0TsE5EodvCnTIBHZpQjsueqOBCiLMY" } ], "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy": [ { "@id": "https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192" } ] } ] } ]