. . . . "Galton's child-level table was downloaded and each of the 934 children was compared with the same-sex parent and with the same-sex parent of every other family. A child counted as resembling when their own parent was strictly closer in height than more than half of those other parents. The fraction f = 536/934 was compared with 0.5 by a two-sided binomial test. The planned pedigree supplement was downloaded from figshare and its stored cell text was read: it reports counts of patients with a family cancer history, with no parent identifiers and no per-person phenotype, so no grandparent-parent-grandchild path was scored. Daughter and mother mean heights are both about 64 inches and son and father means are both about 69 inches, so the sex-matched comparison is on one scale within each sex." . . "Measured: 0.5739 fraction of children closer in stature to their own same-sex parent than to most other families' same-sex parents (n = 934, two-sided binomial p against 0.5 = 7.11e-06). Interpretation: The sentence has two empirical parts: children mostly resemble their parents or ancestors, and resemblance can reappear in a grandchild after being absent in the child (the Elis example in the same paragraph). 'Resemble' for the usual case is sex-matched stature distance, because Galton measured height and sons and daughters are not the same height as both parents. The skip is a discrete phenotype on a published pedigree, not stature: stature is continuous and two-generational in this series, so it cannot show a trait absent in the child and present in the grandchild. Cancer-predisposition affection is a heritable phenotype, not the skin colour of Aristotle's anecdote; it is used only for the existential 'can' clause. A simulated pedigree does not count. The population rate of skipping is not estimated, because familial ascertainment biases that rate; one recorded skip is enough for 'can'." . "Claim test of aristotle-ha07-17: mixed, confidence 0.66" . . . "Individual human measurements or a checksummed transcription of a published measurement table, with one row per child and parental heights, for clause U. For clause S, a checksummed paper supplement of real families with parent identifiers and a binary inherited phenotype across three generations. Species-level life-history tables, simulated pedigrees, and encyclopaedia prose are not admissible." . "claim-test/0.1.0" . "biological" . "f at or below 0.50, or f at least 0.60 while every scorable three-generation path in a table of at least 20 paths fails to skip." . "Absolute distance to the same-sex parent ignores resemblance in the other parent and in every trait except height." . "Sons alone are 296/481 = 0.615 and daughters alone are 240/453 = 0.530. The pooled fraction was pre-registered; the sexes were not separate tests." . "Stature in 205 British families measured by Galton is one quantitative trait. It is not the birthmark or the skin colour in Aristotle's examples, and the series is not a population sample." . "The generation-skip clause was not scored. Byrjalsen et al. 2020 Table 10 counts how many pediatric-cancer patients have an affected relative. It is not a list of grandparents, parents and grandchildren." . "The locked bar for 'mostly' was f >= 0.60. The measured 536/934 = 0.5739 is above chance (two-sided binomial p = 7.11e-06) and below that bar, so clause U is intermediate." . "The fraction f of children closer to their own same-sex parent than to most other same-sex parents is at least 0.60 and greater than chance, and at least one grandparent-parent-grandchild path shows the phenotype in the grandparent and grandchild but not in the parent." . "Refutes if f <= 0.50 (children are not closer to their own same-sex parent than to other parents; the 'usually' clause fails). Mixed if 0.50 < f < 0.60, or if U passes and a scorable pedigree table with at least 20 grandparent-parent-grandchild paths contains zero skips. Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if the stature table cannot be fetched. Inconclusive, reason underpowered, if U passes but no admissible pedigree table records affection on a grandparent-parent-grandchild path (the skip clause is then untested). Inconclusive, reason not-operationalizable, if a fetched pedigree file has no parent pointers and no binary phenotype." . "0.66"^^ . . . "mixed" . "Most children are closer in a measured trait to their own parent than to other children's parents, and a heritable trait can be present in a grandparent and a grandchild while absent in the parent between them." . "Clause U: f = (number of children with p_i > 0.5) / n, compared with 0.5 by a two-sided binomial test, thresholds f >= 0.60 and p < 0.01 to pass and f <= 0.50 to refute. Clause S: count of skip paths; the existential clause passes at a count of at least 1 and fails only when the count is 0 among at least 20 paths. Both clauses must pass to support the claim." . "Two clauses, both required. (U) Stature, sex-matched: for each child in Galton's family series, d_own is the absolute difference between the child's height and the same-sex parent's height, and p_i is the fraction of other families' same-sex parents who are farther from that child than the child's own parent. A child resembles the parent when p_i > 0.5. Let f be that count divided by the number of children who have a same-sex parent height. Clause U passes if f >= 0.60 and a two-sided exact binomial test of the count against a chance proportion of 0.5 gives p < 0.01. (S) In a real (not simulated) three-generation pedigree table, a skip is one grandparent-parent-grandchild path in which the trait is recorded present in the grandparent, absent in the intervening parent, and present in the grandchild. Clause S passes if the number of such paths is at least 1. The claim passes only if U and S both pass." . "false"^^ . . "sex-matched parent and child heights for the 'usually resemble' clause" . "GPL (HistData package). The measurements were published by Galton in 1886 and are out of copyright." . . "Dataset: Galton family statures (934 children, 205 families), HistData::GaltonFamilies CSV mirror of the table compiled from Galton 1886" . . . . "sha256:9a8a7a8d6dc4a20616ce6ce2f0f97d5ddd6ac744432529f1b2abd7e8effe4cd1" . "sha256:b1fc91e4d4b9604661967dcc62ff1055eaa3020c4d5c42d1f9d588f74b9b3317" . "planned three-generation pedigree table; the file is an aggregate count table and does not score a skip" . "CC BY 4.0" . . "Dataset: Byrjalsen et al. 2020 Table 10, family pedigree findings for 1st–3rd degree relatives (PLOS Genetics)" . . . . "sha256:86044b530586f061ad308d2fb15fc2003bf91189992bf7df6d01a23e8b4f9e41" . "sha256:ad0263b3ba66ddc5c3373da5c3688a1bd0b9ae21cc0f7300e4825e0dde6ac9a5" . . "delphisci claim tester (Grok 4.7; cursor/aristotle-life-history-g-a908)" . . . "Grok 4.7" . . . . . . . . . "2026-11-08T16:24:31.778Z"^^ . . . . . "Claim test of aristotle-ha07-17: mixed, confidence 0.66" . . "RSA" . "MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAyFHtPB6p0mCjDozxlOY9CmO3nBm7Te3jFbXyLmM+G1tGe47Da0jYIbhkl9Oo1ZjxmCa3LCwlEqK8gj6hEIcL4ahW30JXh9HycfKVk1bugkzMEV15tJdTzAU3sGMFnbNsn43xY2LFLy45tApkRm5byEiM7oRRrooIdwoQKnP4Wzq/bfAoJ9qvW+MGkelyOTd1jbSt+KfmT7xKmDfWzAHddUlWwMX2QJOLxDaffOteTop6ZRgPiNmPJKA/S62Gac9XtSYT3oDkZ6/nr5cxxNLpOyxTf5FPISiCe11xYO/unYjY+mwnOfA8yhJIyx1l0O9I0vpOpn+E5TvyHJV+oSTrvwIDAQAB" . 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