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A child counted as resembling when their own parent was strictly closer in height than more than half of those other parents. The fraction f = 536/934 was compared with 0.5 by a two-sided binomial test. The planned pedigree supplement was downloaded from figshare and its stored cell text was read: it reports counts of patients with a family cancer history, with no parent identifiers and no per-person phenotype, so no grandparent-parent-grandchild path was scored. Daughter and mother mean heights are both about 64 inches and son and father means are both about 69 inches, so the sex-matched comparison is on one scale within each sex." } g_iri { prefix_id: 2 name_id: 4 } } } rows { prefix { value: "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/" } } rows { name { value: "Assessment" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 4 name_id: 10 } o_iri { prefix_id: 10 name_id: 14 } } } rows { prefix { value: "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" } } rows { name { value: "comment" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 11 } o_literal { lex: "Measured: 0.5739 fraction of children closer in stature to their own same-sex parent than to most other families\' same-sex parents (n = 934, two-sided binomial p against 0.5 = 7.11e-06). Interpretation: The sentence has two empirical parts: children mostly resemble their parents or ancestors, and resemblance can reappear in a grandchild after being absent in the child (the Elis example in the same paragraph). \'Resemble\' for the usual case is sex-matched stature distance, because Galton measured height and sons and daughters are not the same height as both parents. The skip is a discrete phenotype on a published pedigree, not stature: stature is continuous and two-generational in this series, so it cannot show a trait absent in the child and present in the grandchild. Cancer-predisposition affection is a heritable phenotype, not the skin colour of Aristotle\'s anecdote; it is used only for the existential \'can\' clause. A simulated pedigree does not count. The population rate of skipping is not estimated, because familial ascertainment biases that rate; one recorded skip is enough for \'can\'." } } } rows { name { value: "label" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "Claim test of aristotle-ha07-17: mixed, confidence 0.66" } } } rows { name { value: "seeAlso" } } rows { prefix { value: "https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha07-17/" } } rows { name { value: "result.json" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_iri { prefix_id: 12 } } } rows { name { value: "wasAttributedTo" } } rows { prefix { value: "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/" } } rows { name { value: "delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 5 } o_iri { prefix_id: 13 } } } rows { name { value: "admissibleDatasets" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 10 } o_literal { lex: "Individual human measurements or a checksummed transcription of a published measurement table, with one row per child and parental heights, for clause U. For clause S, a checksummed paper supplement of real families with parent identifiers and a binary inherited phenotype across three generations. Species-level life-history tables, simulated pedigrees, and encyclopaedia prose are not admissible." } } } rows { name { value: "assessmentType" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "claim-test/0.1.0" } } } rows { name { value: "dataKind" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "biological" } } } rows { name { value: "disconfirmingObservation" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "f at or below 0.50, or f at least 0.60 while every scorable three-generation path in a table of at least 20 paths fails to skip." } } } rows { name { value: "evidenceAgainst" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "Absolute distance to the same-sex parent ignores resemblance in the other parent and in every trait except height." } } } rows { quad { o_literal { lex: "Sons alone are 296/481 = 0.615 and daughters alone are 240/453 = 0.530. The pooled fraction was pre-registered; the sexes were not separate tests." } } } rows { quad { o_literal { lex: "Stature in 205 British families measured by Galton is one quantitative trait. It is not the birthmark or the skin colour in Aristotle\'s examples, and the series is not a population sample." } } } rows { quad { o_literal { lex: "The generation-skip clause was not scored. Byrjalsen et al. 2020 Table 10 counts how many pediatric-cancer patients have an affected relative. It is not a list of grandparents, parents and grandchildren." } } } rows { quad { o_literal { lex: "The locked bar for \'mostly\' was f >= 0.60. The measured 536/934 = 0.5739 is above chance (two-sided binomial p = 7.11e-06) and below that bar, so clause U is intermediate." } } } rows { name { value: "expectedObservation" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "The fraction f of children closer to their own same-sex parent than to most other same-sex parents is at least 0.60 and greater than chance, and at least one grandparent-parent-grandchild path shows the phenotype in the grandparent and grandchild but not in the parent." } } } rows { name { value: "failCriterion" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "Refutes if f <= 0.50 (children are not closer to their own same-sex parent than to other parents; the \'usually\' clause fails). Mixed if 0.50 < f < 0.60, or if U passes and a scorable pedigree table with at least 20 grandparent-parent-grandchild paths contains zero skips. Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if the stature table cannot be fetched. Inconclusive, reason underpowered, if U passes but no admissible pedigree table records affection on a grandparent-parent-grandchild path (the skip clause is then untested). Inconclusive, reason not-operationalizable, if a fetched pedigree file has no parent pointers and no binary phenotype." } } } rows { name { value: "hasConfidence" } } rows { datatype { value: "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "0.66" datatype: 1 } } } rows { name { value: "hasEvidence" } } rows { prefix { value: "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/" } } rows { name { value: "aristotle-ha07-17--claim-test--dataset-1" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_iri { prefix_id: 14 } } } rows { name { value: "aristotle-ha07-17--claim-test--dataset-2" } } rows { quad { o_iri { } } } rows { name { value: "hasVerdict" } } rows { quad { p_iri { prefix_id: 10 } o_literal { lex: "mixed" } } } rows { name { value: "hypothesis" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "Most children are closer in a measured trait to their own parent than to other children\'s parents, and a heritable trait can be present in a grandparent and a grandchild while absent in the parent between them." } } } rows { name { value: "inferenceMethod" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "Clause U: f = (number of children with p_i > 0.5) / n, compared with 0.5 by a two-sided binomial test, thresholds f >= 0.60 and p < 0.01 to pass and f <= 0.50 to refute. Clause S: count of skip paths; the existential clause passes at a count of at least 1 and fails only when the count is 0 among at least 20 paths. Both clauses must pass to support the claim." } } } rows { name { value: "passCriterion" } } rows { quad { p_iri { } o_literal { lex: "Two clauses, both required. (U) Stature, sex-matched: for each child in Galton\'s family series, d_own is the absolute difference between the child\'s height and the same-sex parent\'s height, and p_i is the fraction of other families\' same-sex parents who are farther from that child than the child\'s own parent. A child resembles the parent when p_i > 0.5. Let f be that count divided by the number of children who have a same-sex parent height. Clause U passes if f >= 0.60 and a two-sided exact binomial test of the count against a chance proportion of 0.5 gives p < 0.01. (S) In a real (not simulated) three-generation pedigree table, a skip is one grandparent-parent-grandchild path in which the trait is recorded present in the grandparent, absent in the intervening parent, and present in the grandchild. Clause S passes if the number of such paths is at least 1. 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