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Formalization: one. Surface accretion versus internal assimilation; the data distinguish them cleanly.
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A crystal grows by addition of matter to its external planes, not by nourishment from within
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Steno N, “De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus”, Macmillan, New York (Univ. of Michigan Studies, Humanistic Series XI), English translation by John Garrett Winter, 1916 (1669); Prodromus, growth of crystals, p. 238. Scope: Mineral crystals in rock cavities; the mode of growth.
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Steno N. De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus. Macmillan, New York (Univ. of Michigan Studies, Humanistic Series XI), English translation by John Garrett Winter, 1916 (1669), 205-283
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Nicolaus Steno
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Winter's 1916 translation with Hobbs's foreword; the Latin original is in archive.org nicolaistenonisd00sten. The translation's year is 1916; the graph dates the claims to 1669.
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Public domain (1669; translation 1916).
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Page 238 of the reading copy; paragraph 687 of the normalised text 1669-steno.txt (sha256 ffd1648fdb362aea9dc6fd282f07770a1f6b4b1f2b4b87635f8d88f0a8d58dbb), produced by build/fetch.py and checked by build/check-quotes.mjs. The text itself is not committed.
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A crystal grows while new crystalline matter is being added to the external planes of the crystal already formed. No room at all is here left for the belief of those who affirm that crystals grow, plantlike, by nourishment
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Nicolaus Steno 1669 claim: A crystal grows by addition of matter to its external planes, not by nourishment from within
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