https://w3id.org/np/RAAkkcAflw4AlHyyClOk2sjHU7UArhlzehtY51nEADjfw/Head https://w3id.org/np/RAAkkcAflw4AlHyyClOk2sjHU7UArhlzehtY51nEADjfw http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RAAkkcAflw4AlHyyClOk2sjHU7UArhlzehtY51nEADjfw/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RAAkkcAflw4AlHyyClOk2sjHU7UArhlzehtY51nEADjfw http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RAAkkcAflw4AlHyyClOk2sjHU7UArhlzehtY51nEADjfw/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RAAkkcAflw4AlHyyClOk2sjHU7UArhlzehtY51nEADjfw http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RAAkkcAflw4AlHyyClOk2sjHU7UArhlzehtY51nEADjfw/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RAAkkcAflw4AlHyyClOk2sjHU7UArhlzehtY51nEADjfw http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RAAkkcAflw4AlHyyClOk2sjHU7UArhlzehtY51nEADjfw/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Read the 102-column header of FishBase v24.07 species.csv. The only columns matching lung, gill, respirat or airbreath as whole tokens are AirBreathing and AirBreathingRef. An air-breathing flag cannot decide whether a fish has a lung, so those columns were not scored. MGillnets contains the letters gill but is a gear field and was not treated as a gill organ. Europe PMC was then searched with 'fishes lungs gills presence' and OPEN_ACCESS:Y, pageSize 25. 24 full texts were opened (one hit had no PMCID, out of 277 hits). No table header contains lung together with fish or gill. The cooling clause is untested. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: null fish rows coded with a lung (n = 0, no lung column in FishBase species.csv and no lung table in the 25-hit window). Interpretation: The sentence under test has a functional clause (cooling by air or water is necessary) and an anatomical consequence (fishes have gills and never a lung). Only the anatomical consequence is operationalized here. 'Never' is a universal over fishes scored for lung presence, with a denominator. A lung is the organ named lung in the table, not an air-breathing organ and not a swim bladder, which would be a modern reinterpretation. The cooling clause stays untested and is reported as such. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-pa03-19: inconclusive, confidence 0.86 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-pa03-19/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A species or family table with an explicit lung field, from FishBase or a checksummed open-access paper table. Air-breathing flags, swim-bladder flags and taxonomic names are not lung codes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind none https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation At least one fish row is coded as having a lung. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Air-breathing is not a lung. The FishBase air-breathing columns are recorded and not scored. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst No table in the first 25 open-access hits has a header that states lung and fish or gill. A later hit was not opened. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The cooling-function clause is untested. It does not supply an anatomical verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation In a table that scores lungs for at least 50 fish species, zero fishes have a lung, and gills are present for at least 95 percent when gills are scored. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Refutes if n_with_lung >= 1 among fishes in an admissible table. Inconclusive, reason not-operationalizable, if the only respiratory flag is air-breathing or swim-bladder and no cell states a lung. Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if no table is fetched. Inconclusive, reason underpowered, if a lung column exists, n_with_lung == 0 and n_scored_for_lung < 50. Family names are not used as a proxy for having a lung. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.86 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict inconclusive https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the anatomical clause holds, scored fishes have gills and none of them has a lung. The cooling-function clause is not decided by organ presence. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod n_with_lung compared with zero, with denominator n_scored_for_lung. One positive lung code refutes. Support requires a denominator of at least 50 and zero lungs. The cooling-function clause is reported untested and is not averaged into the anatomical count. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion A fish species counts as having a lung only when a fetched table has a lung column coded present/yes/lung, or a respiratory-organ column whose cell states lung, and the same row is a fish (class or habitat fish, or a fish order). Air-breathing without the word lung does not count, and a swim bladder does not count. Gills count when a gill column is coded present. Supports if n_scored_for_lung >= 50, n_with_lung == 0, and, when a gill column exists, the fraction with gills is >= 0.95. Sources, in order: a FishBase v24.07 column whose header matches lung, gill, respirat or airbreath (airbreath alone cannot support or refute the lung clause); if no lung column, the first Europe PMC open-access table from the query 'fishes lungs gills presence', pageSize 25, whose header contains lung and (fish or gill). The cooling claim (blooded animals must be cooled from outside, and water cooling is why fishes lack lungs) is marked untested unless the table itself reports a heat-exchange measurement. An untested cooling clause does not change an anatomical verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-pa03-19 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description header check for a lung, gill, respiratory or air-breathing column https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license cc-by-nc-4.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: FishBase species table v24.07 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://huggingface.co/datasets/cboettig/fishbase/raw/main/README.md https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://huggingface.co/datasets/cboettig/fishbase/resolve/main/data/fb/v24.07/csv/species.csv https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://huggingface.co/datasets/cboettig/fishbase https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:0d8219c9d70ffb8bfe92278c3324933380f16461834b3c453f6215a9ea605e83 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:ee1088efa629eb16a7305031f97856c2ea1a75796d7e8a42749ba4e3d5c2b7fe https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description first 25 open-access hits after FishBase had no lung column https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license not stated in the Europe PMC search record https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Europe PMC search: fishes lungs gills presence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=fishes+lungs+gills+presence+OPEN_ACCESS%3AY&format=json&pageSize=25&resultType=core https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://europepmc.org/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:6834a3e13560a8a995705a19c7a1e02e9c8d91c35d043e6bb05e14ac3751115b https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description table headers scanned for lung and fish or gill https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license article licences are on the individual search hits; the search record does not state one licence for the set https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Full texts opened for the fish lung and gill search https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10082155/fullTextXML https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10607021/fullTextXML https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10628658/fullTextXML https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11002877/fullTextXML https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11200339/fullTextXML https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11359092/fullTextXML https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11570982/fullTextXML https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC11682752/fullTextXML https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-19--claim-test--dataset-3 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation 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