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None matched. Adult body mass and sexual-maturity age were nearby and were not used as weapons or as strength. The Dryad metadata API returned dataset doi:10.5061/dryad.fxpnvx16w, titled on horn investment in female bovids, licence CC0, and a file record for BEHECO-2025-0139.R2_Data.csv. The CSV download returned HTTP 401, so its columns were not read and the sex-specific weapon counts were not computed. The strength clause was not scored." } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [ { "@value": "Measured: 0 columns matching the pre-registered variable (n = 86). Interpretation: Quote: 'Thus as males are stronger and more choleric than females, it is in males that such parts as those just mentioned are found, either exclusively, as in some species, or more fully developed, as in others.' The parts just mentioned are sting, spur, horns and tusks. The verdict is the sex-limited pattern (exclusively in some, more developed in others), which the sentence says is the general case, hence the 0.70 threshold. The strength explanation is causal and stays untested unless strength itself is measured. Choleric temperament is not operationalized." } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Claim test of aristotle-pa03-03: inconclusive, confidence 0.72" } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso": [ { "@id": "https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-pa03-03/result.json" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets": [ { "@value": "A public species-level table from AnAge, FishBase, PanTHERIA, AVONET, GBIF, NCBI, WoRMS, PBDB, or a checksummed paper supplement, with a weapon named horn, antler, tusk or spur and a separate male and female score. Licence stated. Body mass by sex is not a weapon and is not strength." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType": [ { "@value": "claim-test/0.1.0" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind": [ { "@value": "none" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation": [ { "@value": "Those two male-biased classes together are under half of the scored species. A split between the two patterns, or a ratio from 0.50 up to but not including 0.70, is mixed rather than a full refutation. No weapon-by-sex column leaves the pattern unscored." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst": [ { "@value": "A public CSV whose title is about horns exists and was not opened. The Dryad file record reports its size and sha-256 digest; those are registry fields, not a hash of bytes this script downloaded. The download body is the 401 error." }, { "@value": "The clause that males carry these weapons because they are stronger is untested. No force column was read." }, { "@value": "The sex-limited weapon pattern is unscored. Body mass is not a horn, tusk or spur." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation": [ { "@value": "Among at least 8 species with a horn, antler, tusk or spur scored in both sexes, at least one species is male-exclusive, at least one is male-greater, and those two classes together are at least 70 percent of the scored species." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion": [ { "@value": "Pre-registered. With n >= 8, the pattern is refuted if (male-exclusive + male-greater) / n < 0.50. Mixed if the ratio is at least 0.50 and below 0.70, or if only one of the two patterns occurs. If the weapon-by-sex columns are absent, inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. If they exist but n < 8, inconclusive (underpowered). Body mass, sexual size dimorphism, and 'sexually dimorphic' without a weapon name are nearby columns and are not used. A female-only or female-greater species is counted in n and in the report; it does not by itself refute if the pass thresholds are still met." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence": [ { "@value": "0.72", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-03--claim-test--dataset-1" }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-03--claim-test--dataset-2" }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-03--claim-test--dataset-3" }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-03--claim-test--dataset-4" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict": [ { "@value": "inconclusive" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis": [ { "@value": "If horns, tusks and spurs are male-only in some species and more developed in males in others, then a sex-specific weapon table will contain both patterns, and those two male-biased patterns together will cover at least 70 percent of the scored weapon-bearing species." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod": [ { "@value": "Denominator is the number of weapon-bearing species scored in both sexes. Two pattern counts and their share of that denominator are compared with the fixed thresholds 1, 1 and 0.70 (pass) and 0.50 (refute). The causal strength clause is reported as untested unless a force column is present, and it does not change the pattern verdict." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion": [ { "@value": "Pre-registered. A species counts only if a horn, antler, tusk or spur is scored for males and for females, as presence/absence or as a size. Male-exclusive: present in males, absent in females. Male-greater: present in both sexes and the male size is strictly larger, or the codebook says more developed in males. With n >= 8 weapon-bearing species, the pattern passes only if the male-exclusive count is at least 1, the male-greater count is at least 1, and (male-exclusive + male-greater) / n >= 0.70. Named examples (stag/hind, bull/cow, ram/ewe, cock spur) are reported when present and do not replace the denominator. The 'because males are stronger' clause is scored only if the same table has a sex-specific strength measurement (force, not body mass). Otherwise that clause is untested and does not enter the verdict." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered": [ { "@value": "false", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-03--claim-test--dataset-1", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@value": "Column names checked against the pre-registered variable" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": [ { "@value": "CC BY 3.0. The fetched page https://genomics.senescence.info/legal.html says this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, that the data sheets, including the observations in AnAge, are copyrighted, and that most content in HAGR is in the public domain." } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Dataset: AnAge, the Animal Ageing and Longevity Database" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation": [ { "@id": "https://genomics.senescence.info/legal.html" }, { "@id": "https://genomics.senescence.info/species/" }, { "@id": "https://genomics.senescence.info/species/dataset.zip" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": [ { "@id": "https://genomics.senescence.info/species/" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum": [ { "@value": "sha256:708d25e725b8cb3625e0a5c03062bbb044985bea283af2d14433739dea9f8690" }, { "@value": "sha256:833190daa11a177ef557c70c70a746eab797303f775e168f64ad1ca72f623d05" }, { "@value": "sha256:e3ddb66e32e973a79932859ba53013e8f60d957c6ec01c6eb573e3ea3018d630" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-03--claim-test--dataset-2", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@value": "Column names checked against the pre-registered variable" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": [ { "@value": "Not stated. The first 8000 characters of the retrieved file contain no license, copyright, or Creative Commons string." } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Dataset: PanTHERIA 1.0 WR05 ecological trait table" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation": [ { "@id": "https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E090/184/PanTHERIA_1-0_WR05_Aug2008.txt" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": [ { "@id": "https://esapubs.org/archive/ecol/E090/184/PanTHERIA_1-0_WR05_Aug2008.txt" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum": [ { "@value": "sha256:36e64314cae0394a966a63b949504d1975ac5c5629e05e36c1b139b3348f044a" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-03--claim-test--dataset-3", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@value": "Codebook searched for the pre-registered variable; not a species-score table" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": [ { "@value": "Not stated on the fetched FishBase manual pages." } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Dataset: FishBase table manuals" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation": [ { "@id": "https://www.fishbase.se/manual/English/FishBaseThe_SPECIES_Table.htm" }, { "@id": "https://www.fishbase.se/manual/English/fishbasemorphology_and_physiology.htm" }, { "@id": "https://www.fishbase.se/manual/English/fishbasereproduction00002700.htm" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": [ { "@id": "https://www.fishbase.se/manual/English/FishBaseThe_SPECIES_Table.htm" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum": [ { "@value": "sha256:2651a55498191d537a5afad930173accefe828c06bb4028a51c66bbe2ccb6813" }, { "@value": "sha256:4a250f19b12ce0cd384ab3648734831e1fd969a03894ce2d5c04137149bda4c5" }, { "@value": "sha256:93ffbf8da39335434b66a4657e0e06d9ca7fcc3fe0206478fbbac27b4cc07687" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-03--claim-test--dataset-4", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@value": "Metadata of a horn table. The CSV itself returned HTTP 401 and was not read." } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": [ { "@value": "CC0 1.0. 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