https://w3id.org/np/RA4q-AyvGKOpyaXWrgcBJF_4YzocyMLmN5fL7Rq5oJosQ/Head https://w3id.org/np/RA4q-AyvGKOpyaXWrgcBJF_4YzocyMLmN5fL7Rq5oJosQ http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RA4q-AyvGKOpyaXWrgcBJF_4YzocyMLmN5fL7Rq5oJosQ/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RA4q-AyvGKOpyaXWrgcBJF_4YzocyMLmN5fL7Rq5oJosQ http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RA4q-AyvGKOpyaXWrgcBJF_4YzocyMLmN5fL7Rq5oJosQ/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RA4q-AyvGKOpyaXWrgcBJF_4YzocyMLmN5fL7Rq5oJosQ http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RA4q-AyvGKOpyaXWrgcBJF_4YzocyMLmN5fL7Rq5oJosQ/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RA4q-AyvGKOpyaXWrgcBJF_4YzocyMLmN5fL7Rq5oJosQ http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RA4q-AyvGKOpyaXWrgcBJF_4YzocyMLmN5fL7Rq5oJosQ/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Text was extracted from the proceedings PDF with pypdf. Sentences containing bladder were matched to lizards, snakes, crocodilians, birds, tuatara and fishes. A group described as having a bladder, or as mostly having one, is a counterexample. A group described as lacking a bladder is consistent. Turtles and tortoises are the stated exception and are not counterexamples. Amphibian sentences are stored and not scored. One counterexample group refutes the universal. Birds, tuatara and fishes had no bladder sentence. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 0.6667 fraction of in-scope groups described as lacking a urinary bladder (n = 3, 1 counterexample groups). Interpretation: Parts of Animals III.8 says that animals which drink little and are clad with feathers or scales or scaly plates are invariably without a bladder, and that tortoises, which have scaly plates, are the only exception. Amphibians are naked-skinned, so a bladder in a frog does not touch this sentence. The History of Animals sentence about non-viviparous animals is a different claim and is not reused. 'Most of the group have a bladder' falsifies 'invariably without' for that group. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-pa03-22: refutes, confidence 0.76 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-pa03-22/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A checksummed veterinary or anatomical paper that states bladder presence for reptiles or birds. Amphibian sentences do not enter the fraction. A swim bladder is not a urinary bladder. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation Any in-scope group, such as lizards or birds, is described as having a urinary bladder. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Amphibians are in the same 'most have a bladder' sentence and are not scored. This is the integument claim, not the non-viviparous claim. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Birds are not given a bladder sentence in this chapter, so feathers are untested here. No Creative Commons license is printed on the PDF. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Lizards are the counterexample. The chapter says the urinary bladder is present in most lizards, and also in all turtles. Snakes and crocodilians are said to lack urinary bladders, so two of the three scored groups agree with the claim and one does not. A universal fails on the one group that has the organ. f = 2/3 = 0.6667 is the share that lack a bladder, and the verdict is still refutes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The denominator is three named groups, not a species count. Several lizard species are said to lack a bladder or to have a vestigial one, which is already covered by 'most', not 'all', lizards having one. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Turtles and tortoises are the stated exception and are described as having bladders, including accessory bladders. That part of the sentence agrees with the chapter and is not counted against the claim. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation At least four in-scope groups are each described as lacking a urinary bladder, and the only group described as having one is the tortoises. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Refutes if at least one in-scope group is a counterexample. Mixed if the text both affirms and denies a bladder for the same in-scope group and no group is an uncontradicted counterexample. Inconclusive, reason underpowered, if the file is fetched but no in-scope group has a present-or-absent sentence. Inconclusive, reason data-unavailable, if the file cannot be fetched. This score is computed from this file only. It is not taken from aristotle-ha05-06. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.76 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis Animals clad in feathers, scales or scaly plates lack a urinary bladder, and tortoises are the only exception. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod One in-scope group described as having a urinary bladder refutes the universal. A pass requires at least four in-scope groups, none of them a counterexample. Tortoises are the stated exception. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Read a checksummed anatomical text that says, group by group, whether a urinary bladder is present. In-scope groups are those the text identifies as birds, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, tuatara or fishes. Tortoises, turtles and chelonians are the stated exception: a bladder in that group is recorded and is not a counterexample, and the group is not required to lack a bladder. Amphibians and mammals are out of scope even if the text mentions their bladders, because the sentence is about feathers, scales and scaly plates. A group is a counterexample if the text says that group, or most of that group, has a urinary bladder. The claim passes only if at least four in-scope groups are described and none of them is a counterexample. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-pa03-22 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Group-level sentences on which reptiles have a urinary bladder https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license No Creative Commons grant is printed in the extracted text. The file is the public PDF of the proceedings chapter. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa03-22--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: Wyneken J. Reptilian renal structure and function. 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