https://w3id.org/np/RA2HAnYiesYw1aPTH0Qgh3SWF_DDFLQoFtame87whxHvo/Head https://w3id.org/np/RA2HAnYiesYw1aPTH0Qgh3SWF_DDFLQoFtame87whxHvo http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RA2HAnYiesYw1aPTH0Qgh3SWF_DDFLQoFtame87whxHvo/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RA2HAnYiesYw1aPTH0Qgh3SWF_DDFLQoFtame87whxHvo http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RA2HAnYiesYw1aPTH0Qgh3SWF_DDFLQoFtame87whxHvo/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RA2HAnYiesYw1aPTH0Qgh3SWF_DDFLQoFtame87whxHvo http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RA2HAnYiesYw1aPTH0Qgh3SWF_DDFLQoFtame87whxHvo/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RA2HAnYiesYw1aPTH0Qgh3SWF_DDFLQoFtame87whxHvo http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RA2HAnYiesYw1aPTH0Qgh3SWF_DDFLQoFtame87whxHvo/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Fetched the Europe PMC record for doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0765 and the open PMC HTML it points to. Taxa were taken only from sentences that apply zygodactyl, semi-zygodactyl, or heterodactyl to a following scientific name: the extant-clade list, the three-origins list, the semi-zygodactyl 'like' list, the heterodactyl 'evolved in' clause, 'zygodactyl birds like', a zygodactyl bird or foot named in parentheses, and a binomial said to be a fourth independent origin. Pamprodactyl and anisodactyl clauses were not used. Each name was matched on GBIF and counted with species search, rank SPECIES, status ACCEPTED, limit 0. Jynx torquilla was subtracted when its GBIF key sits inside that taxon. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 8 named non-Jynx taxa with at least one other accepted species (n = 10). Interpretation: The quote says that in the wryneck alone two toes are in front and two behind, and that every other bird has the arrangement described for birds generally, which the claim states as three in front and one behind. Facultative and semi-zygodactyl feet put two toes back some of the time, so they are inside the claim's 'arranged two in front and two behind' and outside 'three in front and one behind'. Heterodactyl feet also have two forward and two back, with a different toe reversed, and count against uniqueness. The test uses one paper's explicit assignments plus a species count. It is not a specimen-by-specimen survey. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-pa04-30: refutes, confidence 0.72 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-pa04-30/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets An open peer-reviewed anatomical text that names bird taxa together with toe arrangements, plus a public taxonomic backbone that can count accepted species in a named family or order. A checklist with no toe field is not enough on its own. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation The same statement assigns that toe arrangement, including a facultative one, to a named bird group that contains at least one accepted species other than Jynx torquilla. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A web-search snippet of Botelho et al. 2014 named more than one bird group in connection with zygodactyl feet before this registration. The rule is the claim's own uniqueness test. It was not written to fit a count, and the analysis has to extract the assignments from the fetched text rather than from the snippet. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst After the run, the assignments are the paper's explicit lists, not a survey of skins. Facultative and heterodactyl feet are inside the pre-registered two-and-two rule. A taxon the paper discusses only as an ancestor, or as having lost the arrangement, is not in these frames. A species-rank GBIF search with higherTaxonKey returned 0 for Melopsittacus undulatus, Leptosomus discolor, so those names did not meet the pre-registered count of at least 1. The family and order counts are what the verdict uses. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst GBIF counts change. The retrieval time will be recorded. The count is a taxonomic total, not a count of feet that were examined. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst If the publisher returns a paywall or a block, the verdict is data-unavailable. No arrangement will be filled in from memory. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation The comparative statement in the paper assigns two toes forward and two back only to the wryneck, and three forward and one back to other birds. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. Refutes if the text codes any taxon other than the genus Jynx as two-forward-two-back, and the GBIF backbone count of accepted species in that taxon, minus Jynx torquilla if it falls inside the taxon, is at least 1. Inconclusive with reason data-unavailable if the article text cannot be fetched. Inconclusive with reason not-operationalizable if the fetched text names no taxon for a toe arrangement. Species counts come from GBIF species search on the matched taxon key, rank SPECIES, status ACCEPTED, limit 0, using the count field. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.72 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds, Jynx torquilla is the only bird with two toes forward and two back, and every other bird has three toes forward and one back. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Extract taxon-to-arrangement assignments from the article text by the patterns in the pass criterion, resolve Jynx torquilla and each other taxon on GBIF, and refute uniqueness when any other assignment covers at least one accepted species besides the wryneck. The test does not re-score museum skins. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered (supports). Source of the foot coding: the open text of Botelho et al. 2014, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0765. A named taxon is coded two-forward-two-back if the text applies zygodactyl, semi-zygodactyl, facultative zygodactyl, or heterodactyl to it, or says two toes point forward and two backward. The wryneck has the arrangement if the text names Jynx or wryneck, or if GBIF places Jynx torquilla in a family or order the text codes that way. Supports only if every taxon the text codes two-forward-two-back is the genus Jynx or the species Jynx torquilla, and the text describes other birds as three forward and one back. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-pa04-30 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description open text that names bird taxa together with toe arrangements https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license The Europe PMC record marks an HTML full text as free; the publisher copy is also listed as subscription https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: The developmental origin of zygodactyl feet and its possible loss in the evolution of Passeriformes. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:10.1098/rspb.2014.0765&format=json&resultType=core https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4083792/ https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0765 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:aac0567a3b5aa49de2e80a04e5edbac8e8afda86845a33170f8004f3960a7427 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:bc91cd8695130185b3487c6d7443bab931dd464aab8e4c5aa8687271cf5d0fd5 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description accepted-species counts for each taxon the paper codes two-forward-two-back https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-2 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license GBIF backbone, queried live https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: GBIF backbone taxonomy species counts https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-pa04-30--claim-test--dataset-2 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://www.gbif.org/dataset/d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c https://w3id.org/np/RA2HAnYiesYw1aPTH0Qgh3SWF_DDFLQoFtame87whxHvo/provenance https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#SoftwareAgent https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label delphisci claim tester (grok-4.7; 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