https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/Head https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Downloaded the v24.07 reproduc and species parquet files, hashed them, and grouped non-empty ReproMode values by SpecCode. A species is hermaphrodite if any mode string contains hermaphrod, protandr or protogyn, dioecious if any contains dioec, and parthenogenetic if any contains parthen. The pre-registered rule was applied to those counts. Parthenogenesis is reported and does not decide the verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 500 fish species with a hermaphrodite reproduction mode (n = 11777, exact count of distinct SpecCode values). Interpretation: Aristotle's scope is animals that move about, contrasted with plants and with animals that stay fixed. Every species in FishBase is a fish, and fishes swim, so they are inside the scope. 'The sexes are separated, one individual being male and one female' is read as gonochorism: male and female are different individuals. Protandry, protogyny and true hermaphroditism, the three non-dioecious sexual modes named in the FishBase REPRODUCTION manual, put both sexes in one individual and are counterexamples. Parthenogenesis is a different departure (no second sex) and is not used for the verdict. The test does not speak to sessile animals or to plants. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ga01-35: refutes, confidence 0.85 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ga01-35/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A public species-level compilation of fish reproductive mode, assembled independently of Aristotle's text, in which hermaphroditism is a coded field rather than a free-text aside. Fishes count as animals that move about. Records with a blank mode do not count as dioecious. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation At least one fish species whose reproduction mode is simultaneous or sequential hermaphroditism. One such species is enough, because the claim says all animals that move about. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Before this registration the parquet schema (column names and types) of reproduc.parquet and species.parquet was read. No ReproMode value, no species name and no row count of modes was queried. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Sequential hermaphrodites are one sex at a time. They still contradict 'one individual being male and one female', because the same individual is both. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The FishBase manual says the mode field is incomplete and that a plot of hermaphroditism by latitude had to assume blank modes were dioecious. Blanks are excluded here. A pass would therefore describe coded species only, and would be weak evidence for the universal. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Every fish species with a filled reproduction mode is dioecious: the number of species coded protandrous, protogynous or truly hermaphroditic is zero, in a table that actually contains mode codes for at least 100 species. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. The claim is refuted if n_herm >= 1. If n_herm = 0 and n_mode < 100, the verdict is inconclusive with reason underpowered. If the reproduc snapshot cannot be fetched, ReproMode is absent, or n_mode = 0, the verdict is inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. A species with both a hermaphrodite record and a dioecious record counts as hermaphrodite. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.85 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If every animal that can move about has the sexes in separate individuals, then no fish species in the FishBase reproduction table has a recorded mode of simultaneous or sequential hermaphroditism, because a fish is an animal that moves about and a hermaphroditic fish is one individual that is both male and female. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Count distinct SpecCode values by the pre-registered string classes of ReproMode. Refute on one or more hermaphrodite species. Support only on a large all-dioecious coded set. No statistical test: the claim is universal. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. Among distinct FishBase SpecCode values whose ReproMode is non-empty, let n_mode be the count, n_herm the count whose mode string (lower-cased) contains 'hermaphrod', 'protandr' or 'protogyn', and n_dioec the count whose mode string contains 'dioec'. The claim is supported only if n_mode >= 100, n_herm = 0 and n_dioec >= 50. 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