[ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/assertion", "@graph": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@value": "Downloaded the v24.07 reproduc and species parquet files, hashed them, and grouped non-empty ReproMode values by SpecCode. A species is hermaphrodite if any mode string contains hermaphrod, protandr or protogyn, dioecious if any contains dioec, and parthenogenetic if any contains parthen. The pre-registered rule was applied to those counts. Parthenogenesis is reported and does not decide the verdict." } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [ { "@value": "Measured: 500 fish species with a hermaphrodite reproduction mode (n = 11777, exact count of distinct SpecCode values). Interpretation: Aristotle's scope is animals that move about, contrasted with plants and with animals that stay fixed. Every species in FishBase is a fish, and fishes swim, so they are inside the scope. 'The sexes are separated, one individual being male and one female' is read as gonochorism: male and female are different individuals. Protandry, protogyny and true hermaphroditism, the three non-dioecious sexual modes named in the FishBase REPRODUCTION manual, put both sexes in one individual and are counterexamples. Parthenogenesis is a different departure (no second sex) and is not used for the verdict. The test does not speak to sessile animals or to plants." } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Claim test of aristotle-ga01-35: refutes, confidence 0.85" } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso": [ { "@id": "https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ga01-35/result.json" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets": [ { "@value": "A public species-level compilation of fish reproductive mode, assembled independently of Aristotle's text, in which hermaphroditism is a coded field rather than a free-text aside. Fishes count as animals that move about. Records with a blank mode do not count as dioecious." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType": [ { "@value": "claim-test/0.1.0" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind": [ { "@value": "biological" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation": [ { "@value": "At least one fish species whose reproduction mode is simultaneous or sequential hermaphroditism. One such species is enough, because the claim says all animals that move about." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst": [ { "@value": "Before this registration the parquet schema (column names and types) of reproduc.parquet and species.parquet was read. No ReproMode value, no species name and no row count of modes was queried." }, { "@value": "Sequential hermaphrodites are one sex at a time. They still contradict 'one individual being male and one female', because the same individual is both." }, { "@value": "The FishBase manual says the mode field is incomplete and that a plot of hermaphroditism by latitude had to assume blank modes were dioecious. Blanks are excluded here. A pass would therefore describe coded species only, and would be weak evidence for the universal." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation": [ { "@value": "Every fish species with a filled reproduction mode is dioecious: the number of species coded protandrous, protogynous or truly hermaphroditic is zero, in a table that actually contains mode codes for at least 100 species." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion": [ { "@value": "Pre-registered. The claim is refuted if n_herm >= 1. If n_herm = 0 and n_mode < 100, the verdict is inconclusive with reason underpowered. If the reproduc snapshot cannot be fetched, ReproMode is absent, or n_mode = 0, the verdict is inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. A species with both a hermaphrodite record and a dioecious record counts as hermaphrodite." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence": [ { "@value": "0.85", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test--dataset-1" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict": [ { "@value": "refutes" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis": [ { "@value": "If every animal that can move about has the sexes in separate individuals, then no fish species in the FishBase reproduction table has a recorded mode of simultaneous or sequential hermaphroditism, because a fish is an animal that moves about and a hermaphroditic fish is one individual that is both male and female." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod": [ { "@value": "Count distinct SpecCode values by the pre-registered string classes of ReproMode. Refute on one or more hermaphrodite species. Support only on a large all-dioecious coded set. No statistical test: the claim is universal." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion": [ { "@value": "Pre-registered. Among distinct FishBase SpecCode values whose ReproMode is non-empty, let n_mode be the count, n_herm the count whose mode string (lower-cased) contains 'hermaphrod', 'protandr' or 'protogyn', and n_dioec the count whose mode string contains 'dioec'. The claim is supported only if n_mode >= 100, n_herm = 0 and n_dioec >= 50. Parthenogenesis is counted and reported but is not a counterexample and is not required for the pass." } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered": [ { "@value": "false", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test--dataset-1", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@value": "species-level reproductive mode; species table supplies scientific names for the examples" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": [ { "@value": "CC BY-NC (FishBase, redistributed by the rfishbase snapshot)" } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Dataset: FishBase reproduction and species tables, rfishbase snapshot v24.07" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation": [ { "@id": "https://data.source.coop/cboettig/fishbase/fb/v24.07/parquet/reproduc.parquet" }, { "@id": "https://data.source.coop/cboettig/fishbase/fb/v24.07/parquet/species.parquet" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": [ { "@id": "https://source.coop/cboettig/fishbase/fb/v24.07" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum": [ { "@value": "sha256:24c208a224357c36f3e4a5b6e34357837671f0c5a0b3954c2fe698d26909155b" }, { "@value": "sha256:571c60b0b47cf50ca28d49b01b6abc17ab0506d8233e7d703b2c87e3ff41fb3c" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-ga01-35", "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test" } ] } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/Head", "@graph": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU", "http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/assertion" } ], "http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/provenance" } ], "http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/pubinfo" } ], "@type": [ "http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication" ] } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/provenance", "@graph": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7", "@type": [ "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#SoftwareAgent" ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "delphisci claim tester (grok-4.7; cursor/aristotle-biology-claim-tests-1551)" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#actedOnBehalfOf": [ { "@id": "https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/usesModel": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/model/grok-4-7", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/identifier": [ { "@value": "grok-4.7" } ], "@type": [ "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/LanguageModel" ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/assertion", "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": [ { "@id": "https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ga01-35/result.json" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasGeneratedBy": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/test" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/test", "@type": [ "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Activity" ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#qualifiedAssociation": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/plan" } ], "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAssociatedWith": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/plan", "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#hadPlan": [ { "@id": "https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/README.md" } ] } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/pubinfo", "@graph": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU", "http://purl.org/dc/terms/created": [ { "@value": "2026-11-08T16:24:31.732Z", "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator": [ { "@id": "https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192" } ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/license": [ { "@id": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" } ], "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasNanopubType": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment" } ], "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/introduces": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ga01-35--claim-test" } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Claim test of aristotle-ga01-35: refutes, confidence 0.85" } ], "https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/domain": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/domain/aristotle-biology" } ] }, { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU/sig", "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasAlgorithm": [ { "@value": "RSA" } ], "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasPublicKey": [ { "@value": "MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAyFHtPB6p0mCjDozxlOY9CmO3nBm7Te3jFbXyLmM+G1tGe47Da0jYIbhkl9Oo1ZjxmCa3LCwlEqK8gj6hEIcL4ahW30JXh9HycfKVk1bugkzMEV15tJdTzAU3sGMFnbNsn43xY2LFLy45tApkRm5byEiM7oRRrooIdwoQKnP4Wzq/bfAoJ9qvW+MGkelyOTd1jbSt+KfmT7xKmDfWzAHddUlWwMX2QJOLxDaffOteTop6ZRgPiNmPJKA/S62Gac9XtSYT3oDkZ6/nr5cxxNLpOyxTf5FPISiCe11xYO/unYjY+mwnOfA8yhJIyx1l0O9I0vpOpn+E5TvyHJV+oSTrvwIDAQAB" } ], "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignature": [ { "@value": "UBe/Yq2NR0QLguCs/nZdNWRfa3avgiWRIjDVNKRMSk/E3mrBuUVTafVU6XYIBjKwrv5Y5ZhduZ02oNDJWEbCbNPl+D3v6KNS3/mkj2/Wi+yEIO1y/gceV3h2oq88tcVt8+7/MZW1l/5zwLJRc/6g0pQ6XV2mRdxfB9wsf4VGVhHibKxYeODGKUHGtQm+Xn6+EXYb83JFmCpmENb83i7J4N+hnuOYXjIpwPw4xjmpLGFNhmghZ4PoIrLG2Q0WBDwQKhXrErNYuOoNncXtu/HTJrUNRML9vMQrPvPNOQbtU1A+AFNPE0KqwYyNxo7Dldzgu9XuBBFEeAgb+mj9HDxohw==" } ], "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/hasSignatureTarget": [ { "@id": "https://w3id.org/np/RA1dFcRZSMMCV4wDNgLGVuaJ0R5Kum_4LrqU9fTeAXYuU" } ], "http://purl.org/nanopub/x/signedBy": [ { "@id": "https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4948-9192" } ] } ] } ]