https://w3id.org/np/RA1U6j5jG-YZAyguNTewbLzykG_zMQj3j2u8W1kB3H1Ts/Head https://w3id.org/np/RA1U6j5jG-YZAyguNTewbLzykG_zMQj3j2u8W1kB3H1Ts http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RA1U6j5jG-YZAyguNTewbLzykG_zMQj3j2u8W1kB3H1Ts/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RA1U6j5jG-YZAyguNTewbLzykG_zMQj3j2u8W1kB3H1Ts http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RA1U6j5jG-YZAyguNTewbLzykG_zMQj3j2u8W1kB3H1Ts/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RA1U6j5jG-YZAyguNTewbLzykG_zMQj3j2u8W1kB3H1Ts http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RA1U6j5jG-YZAyguNTewbLzykG_zMQj3j2u8W1kB3H1Ts/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RA1U6j5jG-YZAyguNTewbLzykG_zMQj3j2u8W1kB3H1Ts http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RA1U6j5jG-YZAyguNTewbLzykG_zMQj3j2u8W1kB3H1Ts/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description analysis.py downloads SquamBase Supplementary Tables S1 and S3 from Dryad and checks their SHA-256. Snakes are rows with sub-order Serpentes (4090 species). The mode column is lower-cased; the scored denominator is the 3042 snakes coded oviparous, viviparous, or mixed, and the other 1048 are missing. Clause A is the oviparous count divided by that denominator, compared with 0.50. Clause B counts viviparous or mixed snakes whose family is not Viperidae. Clause C is scored only if the mode column contains a state other than oviparous, viviparous, and mixed; the distinct values are only those three, and Table S3 defines the field as that same trio, so internal egg production is not a separate state. Genus Vipera is tallied as a sensitivity and does not decide the verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 0.7810650887573964 share of scored snake species coded oviparous (n = 3042). Interpretation: Serpents are the suborder Serpentes in SquamBase, not lizards or amphisbaenians. The viper is Viperidae, the modern family corresponding to the viper kind; Aristotle's Mediterranean Vipera is reported only as a sensitivity. Oviparous maps to laying eggs. Viviparous maps to bearing live young. Mixed is a species that does both and therefore neither lays eggs as a rule nor is a non-viper free of live birth. The internal-egg clause is Aristotle's statement that the viper is oviparous internally before parturition. SquamBase's published methods state that viviparity includes ovoviviparity because the two are hard to separate, so clause C is expected to be unscorable unless the table in fact keeps a separate state. No geographic subset is applied: the claim is stated for serpents, and the dataset is global. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ha03-05: mixed, confidence 0.86 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha03-05/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A species-level table of snake reproductive mode with a family assignment, compiled from the literature and independent of this repository, with a public licence. Wikipedia, field guides transcribed from memory, and datasets that do not separate snakes from other squamates are not admissible. Rows without a mode are excluded from the denominator and counted as missing. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation Half or more of scored snakes are viviparous or mixed, or any viviparous or mixed snake is outside Viperidae, or live-bearing vipers are coded as not forming an internal egg when that state is distinguished. If the table has no state separate from viviparity for internal eggs, clause C has no observation that could confirm or refute it. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst 1048 of 4090 snakes have no mode. If every one of them were not oviparous, the oviparous share would be 2376/4090, still above 0.50, and the 414 non-viperid live-bearers would remain. Missing rows cannot flip either scored clause. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Clause A supports and clause B refutes, so the verdict is mixed. Clause A: 2376 of 3042 scored snakes are oviparous (share 0.781). Clause B: 414 scored snakes are viviparous or mixed outside Viperidae, in 15 families, the largest being Elapidae (88), Colubridae (Natricinae) (59), Colubridae (Dipsadinae) (53), and Boidae (52). https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Clause C is not operationalizable. The mode field's only values are oviparous, viviparous, and mixed. Table S3 defines it as that trio, and the SquamBase methods fold ovoviviparity into viviparity, so the table cannot say whether a viper forms an egg internally before birth. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Of 313 scored viperids, 61 are oviparous and 252 are viviparous, so live birth is not a property of every species in the viper family. All 19 scored species in genus Vipera are viviparous. That sensitivity does not remove the 414 live-bearing snakes outside Viperidae. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The test is global, which is the scope recorded for the claim. It is not a recount of the eastern Mediterranean species Aristotle could have seen. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Two species are coded mixed and both sit outside Viperidae (Amblyodipsas concolor, Helicops angulatus). They are counted with the live-bearing exceptions, as pre-registered. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Of snakes with a coded mode, more than half are oviparous, every viviparous or mixed snake is in Viperidae, and live-bearing vipers are coded as forming an egg internally before birth. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Clause A fails if the oviparous share is 0.50 or lower. Clause B fails if at least one viviparous or mixed species has a family other than Viperidae. Clause C fails if a distinct internal-egg state exists and any live-bearing viperid is not in that state. The claim is mixed if the scored clauses disagree, or if C is not operationalizable because the mode field collapses internal egg production into viviparity. The claim is refuted only when every scored clause fails. If fewer than 100 snake species have a mode, the verdict is inconclusive with reason underpowered. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.86 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict mixed https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis Among snakes with a recorded reproductive mode, most species lay eggs, every live-bearing species is a viper, and live-bearing vipers are coded as producing an egg internally before birth. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Denominator is the number of Serpentes rows with mode in {oviparous, viviparous, mixed}. Clause A is that oviparous count divided by the denominator, threshold greater than 0.50. Clause B is the count of viviparous or mixed rows whose family is not Viperidae, threshold zero. Clause C is scored only if the mode column's distinct values include an internal-egg state different from viviparous; otherwise it is not operationalizable. Verdict supports only if A, B, and C pass; mixed if scored clauses disagree or C is not operationalizable; refutes if every scored clause fails; inconclusive underpowered if the denominator is below 100. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Using species-level reproductive mode from SquamBase 1.0 (Meiri 2024, Dryad 10.5061/dryad.76hdr7t3b, Supplementary Table S1), restricted to rows whose suborder is Serpentes and whose mode is one of oviparous, viviparous, or mixed. Clause A (serpents as a rule lay eggs) passes if the share of those species coded oviparous is greater than 0.50. Clause B (the viper is the only live-bearing serpent) passes if every species coded viviparous or mixed has family Viperidae. Clause C (the viper bears live young by producing eggs internally first) passes only if the mode field has a state that means internal egg production distinct from viviparity and every live-bearing Viperidae species is in that state. The claim passes only if A, B, and C all pass. A species coded mixed is not counted as oviparous. Viper is family Viperidae, the viper kind; genus Vipera is recorded as a sensitivity and does not decide the verdict. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/preregistered false https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/claim/aristotle-ha03-05 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasAssessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Species-level reproductive mode and family for snakes; Table S3 is the field codebook https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://purl.org/dc/terms/license CC0-1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/EvidenceItem https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Dataset: SquamBase 1.0, a dataset of squamate species traits (Meiri 2024) https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://datadryad.org/downloads/file_stream/2884606 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#atLocation https://datadryad.org/downloads/file_stream/2884612 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test--dataset-1 http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom https://datadryad.org/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.76hdr7t3b https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:71fbfc27e2e46fe9609a41c65c54bd9c9f73f8e02e1f6897345c497c0231765c https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-05--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasChecksum sha256:e850eb807240e1012d0af3e5f2c33a84dab406d50e86a8e3dc591f51a64912af https://w3id.org/np/RA1U6j5jG-YZAyguNTewbLzykG_zMQj3j2u8W1kB3H1Ts/provenance https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#SoftwareAgent https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label delphisci claim tester (Grok 4.7; 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