https://w3id.org/np/RA1I5hNvGQK1Jil7UR27aTv7_Rnja28TB-4DrrIC5NKkY/Head https://w3id.org/np/RA1I5hNvGQK1Jil7UR27aTv7_Rnja28TB-4DrrIC5NKkY http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RA1I5hNvGQK1Jil7UR27aTv7_Rnja28TB-4DrrIC5NKkY/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RA1I5hNvGQK1Jil7UR27aTv7_Rnja28TB-4DrrIC5NKkY http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RA1I5hNvGQK1Jil7UR27aTv7_Rnja28TB-4DrrIC5NKkY/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RA1I5hNvGQK1Jil7UR27aTv7_Rnja28TB-4DrrIC5NKkY http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RA1I5hNvGQK1Jil7UR27aTv7_Rnja28TB-4DrrIC5NKkY/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RA1I5hNvGQK1Jil7UR27aTv7_Rnja28TB-4DrrIC5NKkY http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RA1I5hNvGQK1Jil7UR27aTv7_Rnja28TB-4DrrIC5NKkY/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Counted orientation codes in Supplementary Material 1. Of 41 coded specimens, 6 are head-first (code 2), 22 are tail-first (code 1) and 13 are inconclusive (code 0), so the head-first share is 6/41. The article attributes that table to Stenopterygius and states the same 6/41 figure. In the same article, the stated head-first birth rate is 7% for Orcinus orca and 14% for captive belugas. A head-first share at or below one half is not head-first. The article does not score a turn from head-upward to downward near term. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 3 taxa or specimen tables whose stated head-first share is at most one half (n = 3). Interpretation: The claim is universal over animals that give birth. 'Head foremost' in the natural course is the modal presentation, not the absence of rare breech births. 'Head-upward in the womb, then downward near term' is a separate clause and is scored only when the same table records it. Taxa are the rows of the table, species where the table is specific and genera or families where that is the row. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ha07-19: refutes, confidence 0.7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha07-19/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A checksummed paper table or supplement that pairs named viviparous taxa with a birth presentation. Counts or a stated typical presentation are required. A narrative sentence that names no denominator is not admissible. AnAge, PanTHERIA, FishBase, AVONET, GBIF, NCBI, WoRMS and PBDB do not record foetal presentation. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation At least one taxon has a typical presentation that is not head-first. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Inconclusive fossil orientations are kept in the denominator of 41, matching the article's 6/41. Among the 28 specimens with a decided code the head-first share is 6/28, which is also below one half. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The Stenopterygius count is fossil fetuses in gravid females, read by the authors as birth-canal orientation, not observed deliveries. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst The orca and beluga rates are quoted from a literature summary inside the paper. The sample size behind 7% and 14% is not in the sentence. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Three quantified taxa refute a universal. They are not a survey of all animals, and the in-utero turning clause is not scored. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation Every taxon in the table is typically born head first, the sample covers at least 20 taxa and two orders, and the foetus is recorded turning from head-upward to downward near term. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. Refute if any taxon with a stated typical presentation is tail-first, fluke-first, breech or otherwise not head-first, including a head-first share of one half or below. One such taxon is enough; the universal has no exception clause. If every scored taxon is head-first but there are fewer than 20 taxa or fewer than two orders, the verdict is inconclusive with reason underpowered. If the table scores birth presentation but not the in-utero turn, and the birth clause would have supported, the verdict is mixed. Inconclusive with reason data-unavailable if no admissible table can be fetched. Inconclusive with reason not-operationalizable if the fetched table does not name taxa against a presentation. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test--dataset-2 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the claim holds, every viviparous animal with a recorded natural presentation is born head first, and the foetus lies head-upward before turning downward near term. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Read each row's stated typical presentation, or the head-first share when a percentage is given. The birth clause fails if any row is not head-first. Support needs the birth clause, the turning clause, at least 20 taxa and at least two orders. Report that denominator. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha07-19--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. Using a published table of birth presentation, support only if at least 20 taxa, from at least two mammalian orders, each have a stated typical presentation and every one of those is head-first (cephalic), and the same table scores the foetus as head-upward earlier in gestation and downward near term. A percentage column counts as head-first only when the head-first share is strictly above one half. 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