https://w3id.org/np/RA-hURk8CakF2fqQVbrl90rpRAJlppdHk1f2rASmtda_8/Head https://w3id.org/np/RA-hURk8CakF2fqQVbrl90rpRAJlppdHk1f2rASmtda_8 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasAssertion https://w3id.org/np/RA-hURk8CakF2fqQVbrl90rpRAJlppdHk1f2rASmtda_8/assertion https://w3id.org/np/RA-hURk8CakF2fqQVbrl90rpRAJlppdHk1f2rASmtda_8 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasProvenance https://w3id.org/np/RA-hURk8CakF2fqQVbrl90rpRAJlppdHk1f2rASmtda_8/provenance https://w3id.org/np/RA-hURk8CakF2fqQVbrl90rpRAJlppdHk1f2rASmtda_8 http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#hasPublicationInfo https://w3id.org/np/RA-hURk8CakF2fqQVbrl90rpRAJlppdHk1f2rASmtda_8/pubinfo https://w3id.org/np/RA-hURk8CakF2fqQVbrl90rpRAJlppdHk1f2rASmtda_8 http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.nanopub.org/nschema#Nanopublication https://w3id.org/np/RA-hURk8CakF2fqQVbrl90rpRAJlppdHk1f2rASmtda_8/assertion https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test http://purl.org/dc/terms/description Downloaded the Europe PMC JATS XML for PMC11295213 and hashed it. A table whose caption says the samples were toenail trimmings was parsed, and each row naming Loxodonta or Elephas was counted as a donor. One donor refutes the claim that the elephant has no nails at all. The clause about all other toed animals was not in this file and was not scored. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/Assessment https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment Measured: 7 elephants recorded as sources of toenail tissue (n = 7, count of table rows; not a nail-count per foot). Interpretation: The sentence says two things: every toed animal has nails, and the elephant is the exception and has no nails whatsoever. This test scores only the exception. Keratinous toenail tissue taken from an elephant is a nail. One such animal refutes 'no nails whatsoever', and with it the claim as stated. It does not test whether frogs or other toed animals lack nails. 'Undivided and slightly jointed' toes are not scored. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label Claim test of aristotle-ha03-15: refutes, confidence 0.8 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso https://github.com/fractastical/delphisci/blob/bf2af6ee0a84e23ffa6414ad7a0a50a8c276506e/test-data/claim-tests/aristotle-biology/aristotle-ha03-15/result.json https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAttributedTo https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/agent/delphisci-claim-tester-grok-4-7 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/admissibleDatasets A public primary account that names the elephants and the tissue taken from them. A closed PDF that this run cannot retrieve does not count. Occurrence records and photographs are not used. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/assessmentType claim-test/0.1.0 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/dataKind biological https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/disconfirmingObservation At least one Loxodonta or Elephas individual from which toenail tissue was collected. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst A search snippet of the open-access article, seen before registration, says toenail trimmings were collected from African and Asian elephants. A refutation is therefore the expected outcome. The count used for the verdict is computed by analysis.py from the XML, not copied from the snippet. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Captive elephants trimmed for foot care are still elephants. The result does not estimate how many nails a wild foot carries. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/evidenceAgainst Parker and Graham's toenail counts of 689 African elephants (doi:10.2982/028.106.0101) were not used: OpenAlex marks that article closed, and the AJOL download URL returned HTTP 202 with an empty body from this environment. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/expectedObservation No elephant in the sample is a source of toenail tissue. This dataset, whose subject is toenails, cannot produce that observation; it can only fail to be parsed. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/failCriterion Pre-registered. The claim is refuted if the full text records toenail tissue collected from at least one elephant of Loxodonta or Elephas. Count an individual when a table row names that species, or names an African or Asian elephant, and either the row or that table's caption contains 'toenail' or 'toe nail'. If no table matches, count individuals in a sample table of elephants when the article text states that the samples from those animals were toenail trimmings. If the XML cannot be retrieved, or neither a matching table nor an explicit collection statement with identifiable elephants is present, the verdict is inconclusive with reason data-unavailable. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasConfidence 0.8 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasEvidence https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/evidence/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test--dataset-1 https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hasVerdict refutes https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/hypothesis If the elephant has no nails at all, a paper that records the tissue collected from named elephants will not record keratinous toenails taken from them. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/inferenceMethod Parse the Europe PMC JATS XML. Count donor elephants under the rule in fail_criterion. One donor refutes the universal absence. No support path is defined. https://w3id.org/delphi/resource/assessment/aristotle-ha03-15--claim-test https://w3id.org/delphi/ontology/passCriterion Pre-registered. This dataset cannot support the claim. It is a study of elephant toenails, so a count of zero parsed donors is a failure to find the sample table, not a measurement that nails are absent. The clause 'all other toed animals have nails' is not in this dataset and is not scored. 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